ABSTRACT
Aim. The aim of this study was to compare urinary alpha 1 microglobulin (A1MG) in healthy individuals with and without family burden for Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in an endemic village. Methods. Otherwise healthy inhabitants with microalbuminuria or proteinuria were divided into two groups: with (n = 24) and without (n = 32) family BEN burden and screened for urinary A1MG and A1MG/urine creatinine ratio. Results. Average value of urinary A1MG was 10.35 ± 7.01 mg/L in group with and 10.79 ± 8.27 mg/L in group without family history for BEN (NS, P = 0.87). A1MG was higher than 10 mg/L in eight (33.33%) inhabitants with family history and in 12 (37.5%) without (NS, P = 0.187). Average values of urinary A1MG/creatinine ratio were 1.30 ± 1.59 and 0.94 ± 0.78 in group with and group without family BEN history (NS, P = 0.39, resp.). Elevated values of this ratio were found in 13 (54.17%) inhabitants with and 14 (43.75%) without family history for BEN (NS, P = 0.415). Conclusion. We did not find statistically significant difference in the examined markers between healthy individuals with and without family burden for BEN. We concluded that these markers are not predictive of risk for BEN.
ABSTRACT
AIM: Aim of the research was to analyze clinical characteristics and most important risk factors of uremic pruritus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 151 patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) during at least 12 months were analyzed. Thorough history was taken for pruritus, its presence and localization, sleep disorder and neuropathic symptoms. On physical examination, attention was focused on the skin. Laboratory tests includes blood cells count, serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and proteins. The dose of dialysis was followed by Kt/V. On statistical analysis, t-test and chi2 test were used. RESULTS: Pruritus was present in 85 (56%) patients, 41 women and 44 men, mean age 53.56+/-13.36 (26-81) years, mean time on CHD 78.36+/-55.02 (12-268) months. There were 66 (44%) patients without pruritus, 32 women and 34 men, mean age 50.35+/-13.76 (22-73) years, on CHD for 58.64+/-50.40 (12-187) months. Although the patients with pruritus were somewhat older and longer on CHD, there was no significant difference either in sex structure or distribution according to primary renal disease. In the group with pruritus there were significantly more anuric patients (43 vs. 22) (p<0.01). The patients with pruritus had a higher rate of sleep disorder (NS), calcium deposits in soft tissues and blood vessels (NS) and clinical neuropathy (p<0.01). Skin changes were found in almost all patients with pruritus (93%), which differed significantly from the patients without pruritus (48%) (p<0.005). The mean value of Kt/V was 1.23+/-0.35 in patients with pruritus, and 1.34+/-0.41 in those without pruritus (NS). Kt/V higher than 1.4 was significantly less frequently recorded in patients with pruritus than in those without pruritus (55%) (p<0.005). The red cell and white cells count, serum hemoglobin, calcium, phosphorus and their products, aminotransferases, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and proteins were approximately the same in both groups of patients. CONCLUSION: The loss of residual renal diuresis, Kt/V below 1.4, presence of calcium deposits and neuropathy were the most common risk factors for the extent of uremic pruritus in our CHD patients.
