Pediatric ERCP: Factors for Success and Complication-A 17-Year, Multisite Experience.

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an increasingly utilized procedure in pediatric populations. A lack of dedicated pediatric research has led endoscopists to extrapolate adult risk factors and preventative strategies to children. The aim of this multisite, retrospective study was to identify risks for adverse events, procedure failure, and prolonged courses in pediatric patients undergoing ERCP. METHODS: Pediatric patients who had an ERCP at one of our academic centers were identified by query of their electronic medical records. Pre-procedure and post-procedure data were collected with ERCP-related adverse events defined according to the consensus criteria developed by Cotton et al 2010. RESULTS: Between January 2004 and January 2021, 287 children had a total of 716 ERCPs. The procedure success rate was 95.5% with no mortality and an adverse event rate of 12.7%. Younger age was associated with increased case complexity, increased adverse events, and an increased rate of repeat ERCP. Case complexity score correlated with increased procedure time ( P < 0.001) and increased adverse events (tau 0.24, P < 0.01); stent removal and pancreatic stenting were more likely to precede an adverse event. Pancreatitis, pancreatic divisum, and pancreatic stricture/stenosis were associated with increased adverse events and rates of repeat ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric ERCP adverse event rates are higher than adults. The complexity grading system proposed by the Cotton et al appears to have applicability to pediatric patients. Young age and interventions affecting the pancreatic duct are associated with adverse ERCP outcomes in pediatrics.

Clinical and economic burden of pre-emptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection in hospitalized allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We conducted a retrospective study to determine the clinical and economic burden of pre-emptive therapy (PET) for CMV infection in 100 consecutive hospitalized adult CMV positive serostatus allo-HCT recipients and compared their hospitalization cost with allo-HCT recipients hospitalized with graft vs host disease without CMV infection (control group) and across 19 US cancer centers for hospitalized patients with CMV infection between 2012 and 2015 (Vizient database). A total of 192 CMV episodes of PET for CMV infection occurred within 1 year post-HCT. PET consisted of ganciclovir (41% of episodes), foscarnet (40%), and valganciclovir (38%) with the longest average length of stay in foscarnet-treated patients (41 days). The average direct cost per patient admitted for PET was $116 976 (range: $7866-$641 841) compared with $12 496 (range: $2004-$43 069) in the control group (P < .0001). The total direct cost per encounter was significantly higher in patients treated with foscarnet and had nephrotoxicity ($284 006) compared with those who did not ($112 195). The average cost amongst the 19 US cancer centers, including our institution, was $42 327 with major disparities in cost and clinical outcomes. PET for CMV infection is associated with high economic burden in allo-HCT recipients.