Pseudoaneurysms: Different ultrasound patterns, aetiologies and locations.

Pseudoaneurysms are frequent vascular anomalies. This review article aims to describe the unique specific aspect of pseudoaneurysm (PSA) that allows to make the diagnosis using different modalities: colour Doppler ultrasound, computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and conventional angiography. It is essential to know the various aetiologies of PSA: iatrogenic, traumatic, dissecting and anastomotic; different locations and the possible complications, information to help clinicians choose the best treatment. Our review is supported by illustrated series of cases.

High-Intensity Transient Signals Detected in a Renal Allograft.

High-intensity transient signals (HITS) are signals recorded by the Doppler ultrasounds, reflecting either the passage of microemboli, both solid or gaseous in the vessels, or artifacts. Their identification during Duplex US highlights the need for further evaluation to rule out a potential embolic source. A 49-year-old female was referred to our hospital for renal transplantation. The Doppler ultrasound done on day 4 after the surgery revealed the presence of high-intensity transient signals (HITS) suggesting the passage of an emboli. Renal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) confirmed the presence of peripheral parenchymal defects suggestive of a distal embolus. A better understanding and recognition of this radiological sign are essential in order to initiate appropriate patient management when needed. In this report, we review the importance of HITS and present a case in which HITS were detected in an unusual location: an allograft kidney artery.

Acquired resistance mechanisms to osimertinib: The constant battle.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Detectable driver mutations have now changed the course of lung cancer treatment with the emergence of targeted therapy as a novel strategy that widely improved lung cancer prognosis, especially in metastatic patients. Osimertinib (AZD9291) is an irreversible third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) used to treat stage IV EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. It was initially designed to target both EGFR-activating mutations and the EGFR T790M mutation as well, which is the most common resistance mechanism to first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs. Following the FLAURA trial, osimertinib is now widely used in the first-line setting. However, resistance to osimertinib inevitably develops, with numerous mechanisms leading to its resistance, classified into two main categories: EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent mechanisms. While EGFR-dependent mechanisms consist mainly of the C797S EGFR mutation, EGFR-independent mechanisms include bypass pathways, oncogenic fusions, and phenotypic transformation, among others. This review summarizes the molecular resistance mechanisms to osimertinib, with the aim of identifying novel therapeutic approaches to overcome osimertinib resistance and improve patient outcome.

BRCAness in biliary tract cancer: a new prognostic and predictive biomarker?

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy with a very poor prognosis. Considering that most cases of CCA are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage and the standard of care for advanced CCA remains suboptimal, new prognostic and predictive biomarkers must be developed to improve the management and survival of patients diagnosed with CCA regardless of disease stage. According to recent studies, 20% of biliary tract cancers exhibit the BRCAness phenotype, meaning that these tumors do not have germline mutations in BRCA but share phenotypic traits with tumors that possess hereditary BRCA mutations. Therefore, screening for these mutations in CCA patients is beneficial to predict tumor sensitivity and response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy such as platinum agents.