ABSTRACT
Cathepsins (CTSs) are multifunctional proteins that can play prominent roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In this systematic review, we compared the prognosis of CTS subtypes overexpression in leukemia and solid tumors, and investigated the effect of different factors on CTS prognosis. We systematically searched published articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, ISI Web of Science, and EmBase databases from February 2000 until January 2020. Among the selected leukemia and solid tumors studies, overexpression of CTS subtypes in newly diagnosed and treated patients were with poor prognosis in 43 studies (79.6%) and with good prognosis in 9 studies (16.6%). However, there were 2 studies (3.8%) with either good or poor prognosis, depending on conditions and caner stage and host cell. The relation between CTS and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in leukemia and solid tumors was mentioned in 7 studies (13%). Overexpression of CTS subtypes in all new case patients had contributed to the induction of poor prognosis. It seems that CTS subtypes, based on the type of cancer and its stage, the type of host cells, and the probable relation with HLA, breed good or poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Therefore, monitoring the overexpression of CTS subtypes and determining the effect of each of these factors on CTS prognosis could be helpful in predicting cancer prognosis both in newly diagnosed or under treatment patients. They could also be useful in finding ways for improving the efficiency of contemporary therapeutic strategies in various types of leukemia and solid tumors.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Cathepsins/metabolism , Leukemia/metabolism , Neoplasms/metabolism , Humans , Leukemia/pathology , Neoplasms/pathology , PrognosisABSTRACT
Complex karyotype (CK) is a poor prognosis factor in hematological malignancies. Studies have shown that the presence of CK in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) can be associated with MDS progression to acute myeloid leukemia. The goal of this review was to examine the relationship between different types of CK with MDS, as well as its possible role in the deterioration and progression of MDS to leukemia. The content used in this paper has been obtained by a PubMed and Google Scholar search of English language papers (1975-2018) using the terms complex karyotype and myelodysplastic syndromes. A single independent abnormality can be associated with a good prognosis. However, the coexistence of a series of abnormalities can lead to CK, which is associated with the deterioration of MDS and its progression to leukemia. Therefore, CK may be referred to as a prognostic factor in MDS. The detection of independent cytogenetic disorders that altogether can result in CK could be used as a prognostic model for laboratory and clinical use.
ABSTRACT
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), which are a group of antigen-presenting proteins, are classified into two main groups: classic (including HLA-I, HLA-II, HLA-III) and non-classic. These molecules are expressed on the surface of several immune cells, which contribute to the defense of body against foreign antigens. Changing expressions of these molecules on tumor cells can be related to reduced ability of the immune system in killing tumor cells, as well as metastasis induction of many solid tumors. The purpose of this review article is to assess the possible relationship between changing expressions of HLA molecules with cancer metastasis and relapse. It can be stated that the changes in the expressions of HLA molecules on tumor cells are an important mechanism for tumor cell escape from immune cells. Therefore, these changes can be associated with tumor development, metastasis, or relapse. Given the essential role of HLA molecule expression in cancer metastasis and relapse, identification of prognostic value of these alterations as well as targeting HLA molecules with new therapeutic approaches may lead to the prevention of these complications.
