ABSTRACT
AIMS: Caries and periodontal disease are associated with inadequate control of oral bacteria. Since conventional microbiological evaluations are impractical in dental clinics or public engagement activities, a rapid test for the quantification of oral bacteria represents a useful tool. We describe the development of a colour change test to rapidly estimate bacterial colonisation density in the mouth. METHODS AND RESULTS: Volunteers rinsed with milk or milkshake. Viability indicators were added and colour changes quantified during incubation. Using milkshake and the resazurin-based solution PrestoBlue (9% v/v), the method distinguished between samples before and after brushing within 5 min. Colour changes were quantified and viable counts were obtained using oral rinses. Measured colour changes strongly correlated with total counts of both anaerobes and streptococci (Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0·782 and 0·769, respectively, P ≤ 0·001) and with perceived changes, as determined by volunteers (n = 10) visually ranking images. CONCLUSIONS: The resazurin milkshake test can rapidly and visually quantify viable bacteria in oral samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The resazurin milkshake test could serve as a sensitive semi-quantitative method for measuring oral bacteria in human oral rinse samples.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bacterial Load/methods , Mouth/microbiology , Point-of-Care Testing , Adult , Colony Count, Microbial , Humans , Indicators and Reagents , Male , Oxazines , XanthenesABSTRACT
Over-all, the results of this review suggest that mandatory exploration for penetrating wounds of the neck may be safely supplanted by selective management. The basis for this conclusion includes: 1, most neck wounds were not associated with significant injury; 2, routine exploration did not obviate the possibility of missed injuries; 3, negative findings at exploration were associated with a number of complications; 4, hospital stay for patients with negative neck exploration results was similar to those with positive exploration findings, and 5, it appears that selective management should not increase the need for special diagnostic studies. Patients with clearly positive clinical findings indicating visceral neck injury should undergo operative exploration. Those with a negative clinical examination should be closely observed. Contrast roentgenographic and other special studies should be reserved for those with equivocal clinical findings or who have a change in clinical status under observation.
Subject(s)
Neck Injuries , Wounds, Penetrating/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Diagnostic Errors , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neck/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk , Trauma Centers , Wounds, Gunshot/diagnosis , Wounds, Gunshot/surgery , Wounds, Penetrating/surgery , Wounds, Stab/diagnosis , Wounds, Stab/surgeryABSTRACT
This research was designed to test the reliability of modified Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods for quantitation of thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid in milk; to ascertain the extent of destruction of those vitamins by modern heat processing; and to determine if it is truthful to report that heat processing does not reduce milk's nutritional properties insofar as those vitamins are concerned. Milk was processed continuously at four time-temperature treatments, including that used for modern commercial sterilization. Both raw and heated milks were analyzed immediately for content of heat labile vitamins; subsamples were packaged in amber plastic bottles, frozen, and subsequently analyzed for vitamin content after 14 days storage. Analyses were by modified Association of Official Analytical Chemists fluorometric techniques.
