The administration to Indonesians of monosodium L-glutamate in Indonesian foods: an assessment of adverse reactions in a randomized double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study.

Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) has been suggested to cause postprandial symptoms after the ingestion of Chinese or oriental meals. Therefore, we examined whether such symptoms could be elicited in Indonesians ingesting levels of MSG typically found in Indonesian cuisine. Healthy volunteers (n = 52) were treated with capsules of placebo or MSG (1.5 and 3.0 g/person) as part of a standardized Indonesian breakfast. The study used a rigorous, randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The occurrence of symptoms after MSG ingestion did not differ from that after consumption of the placebo.

Infection with GB virus C (GBV-C) in patients with chronic liver disease or on maintenance hemodialysis in Indonesia.

RNA of a non-A to E hepatitis virus identified recently and designated provisionally GB virus C(GBV-C), was sought in patients in Indonesia by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with nested primers deduced from a helicase-like region. GBV-C RNA was detected in 32 (55%) of 58 patients on maintenance hemodialysis at a frequency significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in seven (5%) of 149 patients with chronic liver disease. Co-infection with hepatitis C virus was observed in 26 (81%) of the 32 patients on hemodialysis and in five (71%) of the seven patients with liver disease who were infected with GBV-C. Complete identity was observed in a sequence of 100 base pairs in the helicase-like region for GBV-C cDNA clones from some patients on maintenance hemodialysis. These results indicate that the patients on hemodialysis would be at high risk for GBV-C infection, which would be transmitted by transfusion and patient-to-patient routes.

Hepatitis B virus subtypes and hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic liver disease or on maintenance hemodialysis in Indonesia.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA were surveyed in patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and their subtypes and genotypes were determined by serological methods and polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers, respectively. Of 149 patients with chronic liver disease including 24 with chronic hepatitis, 86 with liver cirrhosis, and 39 with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, HBsAg was detected in 40 (27%) and HCV RNA in 48 (32%); one patient was positive both for HBsAg and HCV RNA. Thus, the cause of chronic liver disease was not identified in 62 (42%) patients. Of 58 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, four (7%) were positive for HBsAg and 44 (76%) for HCV RNA. Subtype adw was found in 34 (74%) of 46 HBsAg samples and adr in five (11%); compound subtypes, such as adyw and adyr were detected in the remaining seven (15%). Among HCV RNA samples from 48 patients with chronic liver disease, 23 (48%) were of genotype II, 17 (35%) of genotype III and one (2%) of genotype V, in a distribution strikingly different from that of 44 samples from patients on maintenance hemodialysis, 39 (89%) of which were of genotype I and only one (2%) of genotype II. Genotypes were not classifiable in seven (15%) patients with liver disease and four (9%) patients on hemodialysis despite high HCV RNA titers in them all. These results indicate that different HCV genotypes prevail in patients with distinct diseases, as well as unclassifiable HCV genotypes in Indonesia.

The entire nucleotide sequence and classification of a hepatitis C virus isolate of a novel genotype from an Indonesian patient with chronic liver disease.

Three hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates were obtained from patients with chronic liver diseases in Indonesia which were not classifiable into any of the genotypes I/1a, II/1b, III/2a, IV/2b or V/3a reported previously. The entire nucleotide sequence was determined for one HCV isolate (HC-G9); the remaining two isolates were of the same genotype based on a > 95% similarity within their partial sequences spanning 2927 nucleotides (nt). The HC-G9 genome consisted of 9440 nt including the 5' untranslated region of 341 nt, an open reading frame of 9033 nt coding for a polyprotein of 3011 amino acids and the 3' untranslated region of 66 nt (U stretch of 17 to 47 nt at the extreme 3' terminus excluded). It differed by 20 to 33% in nucleotide sequence from any of 14 HCV genomes of genotypes I/1a to IV/2b whose full-length sequences are known. By the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean, HC-G9 was on a major branch (group 1) of the phylogenetic tree of HCV to which genotypes I/1a and II/1b belong. It is proposed, therefore, that the novel genotype for HC-G9 should be called 1c. A method was developed to identify genotype 1c by PCR with a primer deduced from the core gene that was specific to it. Since genotype 1c was detected in seven (15%) of 48 HCV RNA samples from Indonesian patients with chronic liver disease, but not in any of 1097 from other districts of the world, it appears to have evolved and remained in Indonesia. In addition to its epidemiological importance, the association of genotype 1c HCV with the severity of liver disease and its response to interferons deserve to be evaluated.