ABSTRACT
The intranasal toxicity of selected absorption enhancers (LPC, DM beta CD, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) and chitosan hydrochloride) were determined in vivo by investigating the acute microscopic toxic potential on the morphology of rat nasal epithelium with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro by measurement of the ciliary beat frequency (CBF), of human ciliated nasal epithelium. TEM evaluations showed that LPC (1% w/v) caused severe epithelial damage and pyknosis. No damage to the rat nasal epithelium was caused by the other absorption enhancers. CBF measurements showed that LPC resulted in total loss of ciliated cells while DM beta CD, TMC and chitosan hydrochloride did not cause any major changes in CBF.
Subject(s)
Excipients/toxicity , Nasal Mucosa/pathology , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Cilia/drug effects , Cilia/ultrastructure , Excipients/administration & dosage , Indicators and Reagents , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Nasal Mucosa/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Burnout and its associations with job satisfaction, role conflict, and role ambiguity were examined among 29 child care social workers in South Africa. Social worker: rated as moderate burnout associated with satisfaction with their jobs (-.48 to -.55) and with role conflict (.41) and role ambiguity (-.41 to -.65).
