Factors that predict murder defendants' competence to stand trial.

One hundred sixty-three homicide case files from The Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Ypsilanti, Michigan were examined for evidence of factors associated with the outcomes of Competency to Stand Trial (CST) evaluations. Of the socio-demographic, legal, and clinical factors investigated, only three were significant. Defendants with lower IQs were more likely to be found incompetent to stand trial, and those with more property crime arrests were more likely to be found competent to stand trial. Additionally, defendants who were found incompetent to stand trial were more likely to be accused of killing an intimate or relative.

Arterial adaptations to training among first time marathoners.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training favorably alters arterial anatomy in trained limbs, though the simultaneous effects on passively trained arteries are unclear. Thus, brachial (non-trained limb), popliteal (trained limb) and carotid total wall thickness (TWT), wall-to-lumen ratios (W:L), intima-media thickness (IMT) and lumen diameters (LD) were compared between experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 11) participants before and after the experimental participants participated in marathon training. METHODS: Arterial dimensions were measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Initial and final testing of VO2max and running speed at 3.5 mmol lactate were measured in the experimental group. RESULTS: VO2max was unchanged by training, but running speed at 3.5 mmol lactate increased by 5 % (p = .008). Time by group interactions were observed for the brachial and popliteal measures (p < 0.05), but not the carotid. No changes were observed in the control group. Prior to the intervention the experimental group had larger LD in the brachial (p = .002) and popliteal arteries (p = .007) than controls; no other pre-testing differences were found. Following training, TWT declined in the brachial (pre = .99 ± .16 mm; post = .84 ± .10 mm; p = .007) and popliteal (pre = .96 ± .09 mm; post = .86 ± .11 mm; p = .005) arteries, characterized by a 0.07 mm decrease in brachial IMT (p = .032) and a non-significant 0.03 mm reduction in popliteal IMT. LD increased in the brachial (pre = 3.38 ± .35 mm; post = 3.57 ± .41 mm; p = .015) and popliteal (pre = 4.73 ± .48 mm; post = 5.11 ± .72 mm; p = .002) arteries. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that exercise-induced alterations in arterial dimensions occur in trained and non-trained limbs, and that adaptations may be dose dependent.