ABSTRACT
Bycatch of protected species in commercial fishing operations is a primary concern to fishery managers because it threatens the conservation, protection, and recovery of fragile species, such as the Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). One potential solution to reduce the risk associated with commercial fishing operations is to design commercial fishing gear that is more selective in terms of interactions between Atlantic sturgeon and commercial fisheries. Given this conservation and management need, the overarching goal was to reduce Atlantic sturgeon fishery interactions and maintain southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) catch in North Carolina. The specific objectives of this study were to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a modified gillnet. Overall, the results proved that lowering the profile and amount of webbing had a beneficial impact at reducing Atlantic sturgeon incidental encounters and bycatch. The modified gillnet reduced bycatch and Atlantic sturgeon encounters by 39.6% and 60.9%, respectively. Our design entangled 51.6% fewer southern flounder, which corresponded to a 48.9% reduction in total weight; the modified gear entangled slightly larger southern flounder than the control gear. Our findings showed the number of Atlantic sturgeon encounters was positively associated with mean water depth, with more Atlantic sturgeon encountered in deeper (5.1-6.3 m) than shallower waters; 75% were encountered at depths between 4.6 and 6.1 m. Most southern flounder (n = 518, 39.7%) were taken at a water depth between 3.76 and 5.0 m. This observation suggests that southern flounder prefer slightly shallower waters than Atlantic sturgeon.
ABSTRACT
Soft forward error correction with higher-order modulations is often implemented in practice via the pragmatic bit-interleaved coded modulation paradigm, where a single binary code is mapped to a nonbinary modulation. In this paper, we study the optimization of the mapping of the coded bits to the modulation bits for a polarization-multiplexed fiber-optical system without optical inline dispersion compensation. Our focus is on protograph-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes which allow for an efficient hardware implementation, suitable for high-speed optical communications. The optimization is applied to the AR4JA protograph family, and further extended to protograph-based spatially coupled LDPC codes assuming a windowed decoder. Full field simulations via the split-step Fourier method are used to verify the analysis. The results show performance gains of up to 0.25 dB, which translate into a possible extension of the transmission reach by roughly up to 8%, without significantly increasing the system complexity.
ABSTRACT
Populations of sturgeon (Acipenseridae) have experienced global declines, and in some cases extirpation, during the past century. In the current era of climate change and over-harvesting of fishery resources, climate models, based on uncertain boundary conditions, are being used to predict future effects on the Earth's biota. A collection of approximately 400-year-old Atlantic sturgeon spines from a midden in colonial Jamestown, VA, USA, allowed us to compare the age structure and growth rate for a pre-industrial population during a 'mini-ice age' with samples collected from the modern population in the same reach of the James River. Compared with modern fish, the colonial population was characterized by larger and older individuals and exhibited significantly slower growth rates, which were comparable with modern populations at higher latitudes of North America. These results may relate to higher population densities and/or colder water temperatures during colonial times.
Subject(s)
Fishes/growth & development , Aging , Animals , Climate ChangeABSTRACT
The novel concept of anticancer treatment termed "G(2) checkpoint abrogation" aims to target p53-deficient tumor cells and is currently explored in clinical trials. The anticancer drug UCN-01 is used to abrogate a DNA damage-induced G(2) cell cycle arrest leading to mitotic entry and subsequent cell death, which is poorly defined as "mitotic cell death" or "mitotic catastrophe." We show here that UCN-01 treatment results in a mitotic arrest that requires an active mitotic spindle checkpoint, involving the function of Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Mps1, Aurora B, and survivin. During the mitotic arrest, hallmark parameters of the mitochondria-associated apoptosis pathway become activated. Interestingly, this apoptotic response requires the spindle checkpoint protein Mad2, suggesting a proapoptotic function for Mad2. However, although survivin and Aurora B are also required for the mitotic arrest, both proteins are part of an antiapoptotic pathway that restrains the UCN-01-induced apoptosis by promoting hyperphosphorylation of Bcl-2 and by inhibiting the activation of Bax. Consequently, inhibition of the antiapoptotic pathway by genetic ablation of survivin or by pharmacologic inhibitors of Aurora B or cyclin-dependent kinase 1 lead to a significant enhancement of apoptosis and therefore act synergistically with UCN-01. Thus, by defining the mechanism of cell death on G(2) checkpoint abrogation we show a highly improved strategy for an anticancer treatment by the combined use of UCN-01 with abrogators of the survivin/Aurora B-dependent antiapoptotic pathway that retains the selectivity for p53-defective cancer cells.
