Ecosystem services trade-offs informing impacts of marine aquaculture development in the southern Caspian Sea.

Humans have always benefited from marine ecosystems and the use of their services has increased over time. The principal challenge of managing ecosystem services is that they are not independent of each other. Attempts to optimize a single service have often led to the reductions or losses of other services; in other words, they are "traded-offs". Based on the purpose of assessing the impacts of marine aquaculture development in the Southern Caspian Sea, 3 management scenarios were utilized to model 3 categories, including marine aquaculture, Water Quality (WQ) and Habitat Risk Assessment (HRA) through marine Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). Marine aquaculture model was first considered for Oncorhynchus mykiss that the results were as follows: in the baseline scenario with 9 farms, the amounts of the total weight of fish produced and Net Present Value (NPV) measured during 1 year equaled 1970 tons and 2,247,000 dollars; in the conservation scenario with 4 farms, their amounts were 800 tons and 1 million dollars; in the expansion scenario with an increased number of farms (20 farms), their amounts were estimated to be 4000 tons and 5 million dollars, respectively. The results of the marine aquaculture model were utilized as the inputs both to WQ (amount of BOD released from each farm) and HRA (habitats of four species of fish (Rutilus frisii kutum, Acipenser stellatus, Acipenser persicus, and Huso huso) models. The results revealed 41%, 16%, and 60% of WQ reductions and 35%, 20%, and 45% of HRA changes in the baseline, conservation, and expansion scenarios, respectively. Considering the current production of 9 existing farms (1970 tons per year) and the impact of this production on water quality (41%) and habitat risk (35%), it is recommended to reduce this production volume and doing aquaculture development in the Southern Caspian Sea without considering and managing negative consequences can have dangerous consequences for this sensitive ecosystem.

Common Opioids Involved in Drug Poisoning Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: Opioids poisoning is of the most important cause of mortality. The objective of the study was to compare the demographic factors, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of the most common opioids involved in drug overdose presenting to the Emergency Department. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 in the Clinical Toxicology Department of the main referral center of the university. All poisoning cases with common opioids were included in the study. Demographic factors, clinical manifestations, and outcome were recorded in a check list. ANOVA, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic regression analysis were used for outcome prediction. FINDINGS: Two hundred and thirty six patients with opioids poisoning were evaluated during the study period. The most common opioids involved in poisoning were methadone (47.9%), tramadol (24.2%), and opium (21.6%). Patients with opium poisoning were older than others (P < 0.0001). The rate of suicide was more in the tramadol group, while the past history of psychological problems was more observed in the methadone group (P < 0.0001). Increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.09; P = 0.05) and addiction (P = 0.01; OR, 7; 95% CI: 1.55-31.52) was associated with an increased complications or death. Also patients with somatic disease had more chance of complications/death (P = 0.04; OR, 3.71; 95% CI: 1.06-12.97). Kind of opioids was not a predictive factor in the outcome of the patients with acute poisoning. CONCLUSION: Age, addiction, and somatic disease should be considered as more important factors in outcome prediction with opioids poisoning, including opium, tramadol, and methadone.