ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Identification of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) has large clinical importance for the assessment of autoimmune diseases. HEp-2 cell preparations on microscopic slides are commonly used as antigenic substrate. Methods used for cell preparation are important for ANA pattern analysis; however, these methods differ widely and are mostly not specified. METHODS: HEp-2 cells were fixed using acetic acid-ethanol, methanol-acetone, acetone, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, or glutaraldehyde. Morphological analysis was done after haematoxylin-eosin staining and DAPI-staining of cell nuclei. RESULTS: The results demonstrate a high variability of cell and nuclear morphology depending on the used fixatives. Aldehyde fixatives conserved the cell structures best, acetone fixatives revealed remarkable changes. CONCLUSIONS: After selecting appropriate fixation procedures to preserve nuclear structures further experiments are necessary to find out which fixation procedure preserves the disease-linked antigens the best way and are, therefore, suitable to be used in ANA-testing of AABs.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis , Histocytological Preparation Techniques/methods , Cell Line, Tumor , Eosine Yellowish-(YS)/chemistry , Fixatives/chemistry , Hematoxylin/chemistry , Humans , Indoles/chemistry , Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods , Staining and Labeling/methodsABSTRACT
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption in renal collecting duct principal cells by activation of vasopressin V2 receptors and the subsequent translocation of water channels (aquaporin-2, AQP2) from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) antagonizes AVP-induced water reabsorption; the signaling pathway underlying the diuretic response is not known. Using primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, we show that stimulation of prostaglandin EP3 receptors induced Rho activation and actin polymerization in resting IMCD cells, but did not modify the intracellular localization of AQP2. However, AVP-, dibutyryl cAMP- and forskolin-induced AQP2 translocation was strongly inhibited. This inhibitory effect was independent of increases in cAMP and cytosolic Ca2+. In addition, stimulation of EP3 receptors inhibited the AVP-induced Rho inactivation and the AVP-induced F-actin depolymerization. The data suggest that the signaling pathway underlying the diuretic effects of PGE2 and probably those of other diuretic agents include cAMP- and Ca2+-independent Rho activation and F-actin formation.
Subject(s)
Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Dinoprostone/analogs & derivatives , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Dinoprostone/pharmacology , Kidney Medulla/metabolism , Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism , rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Actins/metabolism , Animals , Aquaporin 2 , Aquaporins/metabolism , Biological Transport/drug effects , Biological Transport/physiology , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Colforsin/pharmacology , Cytoplasmic Vesicles/metabolism , Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide/pharmacology , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Models, Molecular , Neurophysins/metabolism , Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology , Protein Precursors/metabolism , Rats , Receptors, Prostaglandin E/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Vasopressin/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Vasopressins/metabolismABSTRACT
The initial response of renal epithelial cells to the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is an increase in cyclic AMP. By applying immunofluorescence, cell membrane capacitance and transepithelial water flux measurements we show that cAMP alone is sufficient to elicit the antidiuretic cellular response in primary cultured epithelial cells from renal inner medulla, namely the transport of aquaporin-2 (AQP2)-bearing vesicles to, and their subsequent fusion with, the plasma membrane (AQP2 shuttle). The AQP2 shuttle is evoked neither by AVP-independent Ca(2+) increases nor by AVP-induced Ca(2+) increases. However, clamping cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations below resting levels at 25 nM inhibited exocytosis. Exocytosis was confined to a slow monophasic response, and readily releasable vesicles were missing. Analysis of endocytic capacitance steps revealed that cAMP does not decelerate the retrieval of AQP2 from the plasma membrane. Our data suggest that cAMP initiates an early step, namely the transport of AQP2-bearing vesicles towards the plasma membrane, and do not support a regulatory function for Ca(2+) in the AQP2 shuttle.
