ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Target-based approach to drug discovery currently attracts a great deal of interest from medicinal chemists in anticancer drug discovery and development worldwide, and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent an extensive class of targeted anti-cancer agents. Among the most explored structure moieties, hydroxybenzamides and hydroxypropenamides have been demonstrated to have potential HDAC inhibitory effects. Several compounds of these structural classes have been approved for clinical uses to treat different types of cancer, such as vorinostat and belinostat. AIMS: This study aims at developing novel HDAC inhibitors bearing quinazolinone scaffolds with potential cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines. METHODS: A series of novel N-hydroxyheptanamides incorporating 6-hydroxy-2 methylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones (14a-m) was designed, synthesized and evaluated for HDAC inhibitory potency as well as cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, including HepG-2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and SKLu-1 (lung cancer). Molecular simulations were finally carried out to gain more insight into the structure-activity relationships. ADME-T predictions for selected compounds were also performed to predict some important features contributing to the absorption profile of the present hydroxamic derivatives. RESULTS: It was found that the N-hydroxyheptanamide 14i and 14j were the most potent, both in terms of HDAC inhibition and cytotoxicity. These compounds displayed up to 21-71-fold more potent than SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, vorinostat) in terms of cytotoxicity, and strong inhibition against the whole cell HDAC enzymes with IC50 values of 7.07-9.24µM. Docking experiments on HDAC2 isozyme using Autodock Vina showed all compounds bound to HDAC2 with relatively higher affinities (from -7.02 to -11.23 kcal/mol) compared to SAHA (-7.4 kcal/mol). It was also found in this research that most of the target compounds seemed to be more cytotoxic toward breast cancer cells (MCF-7) than liver (HepG2), and lung (SKLu-1) cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , Histone Deacetylase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Hep G2 Cells , Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , MCF-7 Cells , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Quinazolines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are currently a group of validated targets for anticancer drug discovery and development. In our research program to find novel small molecules targeting these enzymes, we designed and synthesized two series of 3-hydroxyimino-2-oxoindoline- and 3- methoxyimino-2-oxoindoline-based N-hydroxypropenamides (3a-g, 6a-g). The results show that these propenamides potently inhibited HDAC2 with IC50 values in sub-micromolar range, approximately 10-fold lower than that of SAHA (also known as suberoylanilohydroxamic acid). Evaluation of cytotoxicity of these compounds in three human cancer cell lines revealed that most of the synthesized compounds were up to 5-fold more cytotoxic than SAHA. Docking studies showed that the compounds bound to HDAC2 at the binding site with higher binding affinities compared to SAHA. Our present results demonstrate that these novel 3-substituted-2-oxoindoline-based N-hydroxypropenamides are potential for further development as anticancer agents.
Subject(s)
Acrylamides/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Histone Deacetylase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Acrylamides/chemical synthesis , Acrylamides/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Humans , Hydroxamic Acids/chemical synthesis , Hydroxamic Acids/chemistry , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
In order to assess the effects of climate change on flood disasters in urban areas, we applied a two dimensional finite element hydrodynamic model (2D-FEM) to simulate flood processes for the case analysis of levee breach caused by Kathleen Typhoon on 16 September 1947 in Kurihashi reach of Tone River, upstream of Tokyo area. The purpose is to use the model to simulate flood inundation processes under the present topography and land-use conditions with impending extreme flood scenarios due to climate change for mega-urban areas like Tokyo. Simulation used 100 m resolution topographic data (in PWRI), which was derived from original LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, and levee breach hydrographic data in 1947. In this paper, we will describe the application of the model with calibration approach and techniques when applying for such fine spatial resolution in urban environments. The fine unstructured triangular FEM mesh of the model appeared to be the most capable of introducing of constructions like roads/levees in simulations. Model results can be used to generate flood mapping, subsequently uploaded to Google Earth interface, making the modeling and presentation process much comprehensible to the general public.
