[If People Can't Stand Their Own Smell - A Review and Case History about Olfactory Reference Disorder]. / Wenn man sich selbst einfach nicht "riechen" kann.

Olfactory Reference Disorder is a little explored and widely unknown phenomenon, even research has shown more interest in it during the last years. This review summarizes the existing literature and illustrates its findings with a case history. The databases PubMed, PsychNet, PsychPub, Hogrefe EContent and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) were searched for keywords. The identified literature shows that there is a big lack of well-designed studies concerning ORS, in all areas of its nosology. The suffering of persons with ORS, however, is really incriminating.

[If People Can't Stand Their Own Smell]. / Wenn man sich selbst einfach nicht "riechen" kann.

Olfactory Reference Disorder is a little explored and widely unknown phenomenon, even research has shown more interest in it during the last years. This review summarizes the existing literature and illustrates its findings with a case history. The databases PubMed, PsychNet, PsychPub, Hogrefe EContent and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) were searched for keywords. The identified literature shows that there is a big lack of well-designed studies concerning ORS, in all areas of its nosology. The suffering of persons with ORS, however, is really incriminating.

Road crossing behavior under traffic light conflict: Modulating effects of green light duration and signal congruency.

A large number of pedestrians and cyclists regularly ignore the traffic lights to cross the road illegally. In a recent analysis, illegal road crossing behavior has been shown to be enhanced in the presence of incongruent stimulus configurations. Pedestrians and cyclists are more likely to cross against a red light when exposed to an irrelevant conflicting green light. Here, we present experimental and observational data on the factors moderating the risk associated with incongruent traffic lights. In an observational study, we demonstrated that the conflict-related increase in illegal crossing rates is reduced when pedestrian and cyclist green light periods are long. In a laboratory experiment, we manipulated the color of the irrelevant signals to expose participants to different degrees of incongruency. Results revealed that individuals' performance gradually varied as a function of incongruency, suggesting that the negative impact of a conflicting green light can be reduced by slightly adjusting its color. Our findings highlight that the observation of real-world behavior at intersections and the experimental analysis of psychological processes under controlled laboratory conditions can complement each other in identifying risk factors of risky road crossing behavior. Based on this combination, our study elaborates on promising measures to improve safety at signalized intersections.

The dark side of stimulus control--associations between contradictory stimulus configurations and pedestrians' and cyclists' illegal street crossing behavior.

Since illegal pedestrian behavior represents a major source of accidents, research investigating possible reasons and risk factors for crossing against the lights is pivotal for enhancing safety in traffic. The present approach regards behavior at signalized intersections as a result of multiple stimulus discrimination. Hence, it is expected that at crossings divided by a median refuge the excitatory potential of a "consecutive green light" or "oncoming pedestrians" (S+*) attenuates the inhibition of crossing behavior induced by the relevant red light (S-). Standardized observations at critical intersections in Braunschweig, Germany, were conducted to investigate these hypotheses. Comparing outside traffic participants' behavior in the presence of different stimulus configurations identified the assumed S+* as substantial risk factors for illegal crossings. Moreover, the presented model of stimulus control integrates past risk factor research and may help develop future prevention measures.