ABSTRACT
The electroless deposition rate of Ni-B powder increased with sonication (ultrasonic agitation). The boron content in deposited amorphous powder was about 2.2% with and without sonication. When Ni(II) ion was 20.0 mol/dm(3), deposition efficiency was 65% in 14 mmol/dm(3) dimethylamine boran (DMAB) and 90.2% of Ni(II) ion deposited over 33.9 mmol/dm(3) DMAB adding 100 mg/dm(3) powder. When DMAB ion was 1.7 times of Ni(II) ion, deposition efficiency was 90.2% over 20.0 mmol/dm(3) Ni(II) ion adding 100 mg/dm(3) powder. The optimum ratio of Ni(II) ion and DMAB concentration was 1:1.7. Deposition efficiency was larger about two times compared with that of the stationary state. The powder was amorphous. The particle form was spherical. Particle size of 0.75-1.25 microm was about 40%, and that of 1.25-1.75 microm was about 25%. Crystals of amorphous powder formed by heating from 573 to 773 K.
ABSTRACT
Intracystic tumors of the breast are uncommon and, at the time of ultrasonography and aspiration cytology, it is difficult to distinguish cancer from a benign tumor. The Fiberoptic Ductoscopy System (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast. FDS was inserted through the cannulae into the cavity and we observed the intracystic tumors (3 intracystic papillomas and 2 intracytsic papillary carcinomas). The appearance of the malignant tumors was irregular, rough-shaped and they tended to bleed. On the contrary, benign tumors had smooth surfaces without bleeding. Cytological findings showed malignant cells in one out of two breast cancer patients. In addition, in the immunohistochemical study of resected tumor tissues from 5 patients, we observed positive reactions with anti-ErbB-2 antibody in 2 intracystic papillary carcinomas. In contrast, none of the histologically confirmed benign lesions (3 intracystic papillomas) gave positive results. In conclusion, the use of FDS as a non-invasive technique may provide valuable information.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis , Fiber Optic Technology/methods , Papilloma/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism , Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Middle Aged , Papilloma/metabolism , Papilloma/pathology , Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. While ductography has been advocated as the main procedure in patients with nipple discharge, fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. METHODS: We applied ductography and FDS to 65 women who had nipple discharge, and compared their utility. RESULTS: Intraductal lesions occurred in the segmental duct and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth branches in decreasing frequency with ductography and FDS screening. The detection rates of intraductal abnormal lesions by ductography and FDS and the their combination were 89.1 (37 patients), 97.4 (38 patients), and 97.5% (39 patients) respectively. Ductal washings performed during FDS were effective to obtain representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated (sensitivity 50%, specificity 94.3%, and diagnostic accuracy 89.7%). As a result, we diagnosed 35 cases of benign lesions and four cases of malignant lesions by cytological or/and histological examination. CONCLUSION: Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy are useful procedure in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.
