Investigation of in vitro parameters and fertility of mouse ovary after storage at an optimal temperature and duration for transportation.

STUDY QUESTION: How do the temperature and duration of storage affect ovaries during transportation? SUMMARY ANSWER: Fertility is reduced with the extension of the storage duration. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Live birth has been reported after ovarian transport overnight on ice before freezing ovarian tissue, but there have been no basic investigations of ovarian storage conditions focused on fertility. There are no guidelines on optimal ovarian storage conditions and the maximum storage time during transportation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION: Experiments were performed using C57BL/6J mice. Ovaries of 4-week-old mice were harvested, stored at 4, 14, 37 °C or room temperature (RT) for 24 h, and subjected to histological examination. Next, ovaries were stored at 4 °C for 4, 8 or 24 h and subjected to histological examination. Then orthotopic transplantation of ovaries, stored at 4 °C for 4, 8 or 24 h, was performed in 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice, and fertility was assessed by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Freshly harvested ovaries were used as controls for comparison with ovaries stored under the above-mentioned conditions and experiments were repeated at least three times. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS: In experiments on the ovarian storage temperature, haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed for histological examination. In experiments on the storage duration, HE staining, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay, Ki-67 staining and electron microscopy were performed, and the numbers of follicles were counted. Fertility was assessed from the number of oocytes, and the rates of fertilization, embryo development, implantation and live birth. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Histological changes were minimal after storage of ovaries at 4 °C for up to 24 h. At 4 °C, there were no significant changes in the number of MII oocytes, fertilization rate or blastocyst development rate with storage up to 24 h. The implantation rate was 82.7 ± 17.3% in the control group, while it was 82.2 ± 7.7, 14.6 ± 14.6 and 4.4 ± 4.4% after storage for 4, 8 or 24 h, respectively. After 8 or 24 h of storage, the implantation rate was significantly lower in than in the control group (P< 0.05). The rate of live pups was 24.8 ± 13.2% in the control group, while it was 23.9 ± 6.6, 4.2 ± 4.2 and 4.4 ± 4.4% after storage for 4, 8 or 24 h, respectively. After 8 or 24 h of storage, the rate of live pups was significantly lower than in the control group (P< 0.05). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Further investigations are needed in mammals with ovaries of a similar size to human ovaries, and should include the assessment of fertility following transplantation of frozen and thawed ovaries. WIDER IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS: The present results suggest that prolonging the ovarian storage time reduces fertility in mice. Thus, ovaries should be frozen immediately after harvesting or transported as rapidly as possible to minimize damage. To allow young cancer patients to preserve fertility, regional medical centres need adequate ovarian tissue cryopreservation techniques. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This study supported by Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine. The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Induced-fit molecular recognition with water-soluble cavitands

Synthesis of novel water-soluble cavitands 1 and 2 and their complexes--the caviplexes--is described. The solubility in water derives from four primary ammonium groups on the lower rim and eight secondary amide groups on the upper rim. Cavitands 1 and 2 exist as D2d velcraplex dimers in aqueous solution but the addition of lipophilic guests 15-24 induces conformational changes to the vase-like structures. The internal cavity dimensions are 8 x 10 A, and the exchange rates of guests in the caviplexes are slow on the NMR time-scale (room temperature and 600 MHz). The direct observation of bound species and the stoichiometry of the complexes is reported. The association constants (Ka) between 0.4 x 10(-1) (-deltaG295= 0.7 kcalmol(-1)) and 1.4 x 10(2)M(-1) (-deltaG295=2.9 kcalmol(-1)) in D2O and 1.4 x 10(1)(-deltaG295= 1.7 kcalmol(-1)) and 2.8 x 10(4)M(-1)(-deltaG295=6.0 kcalmol(-1)) in [D4]methanol for aliphatic guests 16-24 were determined. Guest exchange rates of the new hosts 1 and 2 are considerably slower than rates observed for typical open-ended cavities in aqueous solution.

A polymer-bound cavitand.

[reaction: see text] An amino-footed cavitand, 1, was attached to an insoluble polystyrene support, and the uptake of organic guest molecules by the resulting polymer 3 from xylene or toluene solutions was achieved.