Comparative Evaluation of the Biochemical Effects of Ketamine plus Ketoprofen and Midazolam in the Premedication of Pigeons.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.

Efficacy of four lining materials in sandwich technique to reduce microleakage in class II composite resin restorations.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four different sandwich techniques on gingival microleakage of Class II direct composite resin restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty sound human premolars were selected and randomly divided into five groups (n=10). Class II box only cavities were prepared in one of the proximal surfaces of each tooth with a gingival margin located approximately 0.5 mm below the cemento-enamel junction. Group A (control) was restored incrementally with composite resin (Tetric Ceram). Groups B, C, D, and E were restored with the sandwich technique using a compomer (Compoglass F), flowable composite resin (Tetric Flow), self-cure composite resin (Degufill SC), or resin modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), respectively. After thermal-load cycling, the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin for 24 hours. Dye penetration (10(-1) mm) was detected using a sectioning technique. Data were analyzed with repeated measurements and Duncan test at α=0.05. RESULTS: The least amount of microleakage was detected in the incremental group (1.28 ± 0.98). The sandwich technique using resin modified glass ionomer (7.99 ± 9.57) or compomer (4.36 ± 1.78) resulted in significantly more leakage than did the sandwich technique using flowable (1.50 ± 1.97) or self-cure composite (2.26 ± 1.52). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, none of the four sandwich technique composite resin restorations used in this study could reduce gingival microleakage to a greater degree than the incremental technique.