ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The use of the thoracodorsal musculocutaneous flap has been limited to donor site complications, whereas the thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap spares the muscle and limits morbidities. Our objective is to describe a new technique of breast reconstruction using an extended lateral thoracic (ELT) flip-over flap combined with loops and lipofilling (ELT FOLL) to achieve better breast remodeling. METHODS: Between 2013 and 2018, 64 patients underwent breast reconstruction using an ELT FOLL. The flap is designed in an elliptical transverse pattern and extends 2â¯cm lateral to the back midline up to the breast axis at the level of the inframammary fold. The surgical technique consists of an infiltration and tunnelization of the breast recipient site and surrounding area, deepithelialization of the skin paddle, and additional preparation of the flaps and loops. Liposuction is performed using the power-assisted liposuction and lipofilling technique, and lipofilling is achieved throughout the thoracic cutaneous surface of the reconstructed site, particularly into the lower quadrant of the breast. RESULTS: Among the reconstructions, 73.4% was delayed and 92.2% was unilateral. A fourth of the patients were smokers, and 39.1% received radiotherapy. The total complication rate was 8.7%, the patient's shoulder function was not affected at long term, with the DASH score rising from 6.53 preoperatively to 11.32 at 6 weeks and 7.52 at 6 months. The average operative time was 57â¯min, and drains were removed at day one after surgery. CONCLUSION: The ELT FOLL should be considered a simple, safe, and reliable alternative for breast reconstruction.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/transplantation , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Mammaplasty/methods , Myocutaneous Flap/transplantation , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Lipectomy , Middle Aged , Postoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
Constitutive activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by the Tax oncoprotein plays a crucial role in the proliferation and transformation of HTLV-I infected T lymphocytes. We have previously shown that Tax ubiquitylation on C-terminal lysines is critical for binding of Tax to IkappaB kinase (IKK) and its subsequent activation. Here, we report that ubiquitylated Tax is not associated with active cytosolic IKK subunits, but binds endogenous IKK-alpha, -beta, -gamma, targeting them to the centrosome. K63-ubiquitylated Tax colocalizes at the centrosome with IKK-gamma, while K48-ubiquitylated Tax is stabilized upon proteasome inhibition. Altogether, these results support a model in which K63-ubiquitylated Tax activates IKK in a centrosome-associated signalosome, leading to the production of Tax-free active cytoplasmic IKK. These observations highlight an unsuspected link between Tax-induced IKK activation and the centrosome.
Subject(s)
Centrosome/metabolism , Gene Products, tax/metabolism , I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Ubiquitin/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Transformed , Enzyme Activation/physiology , HeLa Cells , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism , Humans , Protein Binding , Protein Subunits/metabolism , Transcriptional Elongation FactorsABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii strains differ dramatically in virulence despite being genetically very similar. Genetic mapping revealed two closely adjacent quantitative trait loci on parasite chromosome VIIa that control the extreme virulence of the type I lineage. Positional cloning identified the candidate virulence gene ROP18, a highly polymorphic serine-threonine kinase that was secreted into the host cell during parasite invasion. Transfection of the virulent ROP18 allele into a nonpathogenic type III strain increased growth and enhanced mortality by 4 to 5 logs. These attributes of ROP18 required kinase activity, which revealed that secretion of effectors is a major component of parasite virulence.
