ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Data on spirometrically defined chronic airflow limitation (CAL) are scarce in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of spirometrically defined CAL in Kashmir, North India. METHODS: Using Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease survey methods, we administered questionnaires to randomly selected adults aged ⩾40 years. Post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed to estimate the prevalence of CAL and its relation to potential risk factors. RESULTS: Of 1100 participants initially recruited, 953 (86.9%) responded and 757 completed acceptable spirometry and questionnaires. The prevalence of a forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio less than the lower limit of normal was 17.3% (4.5) in males and 14.8% (2.1) in females. Risk factors for CAL included higher age, cooking with wood and lower educational status. The prevalence of current smoking was 61% in males and 22% in females; most smoked hookahs. CAL was found equally in non-smoking males and females, and was independently associated with the use of the hookah, family history of respiratory disease and poor education. A self-reported doctor's diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was reported in 8.4/1000 (0.9% of females and 0.8% of males). CONCLUSION: Spirometrically confirmed CAL is highly prevalent in Indian Kashmir, and seems to be related to the high prevalence of smoking, predominantly in the form of hookah smoking.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Chronic Disease , Female , Forced Expiratory Volume , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Spirometry , Surveys and Questionnaires , Vital Capacity , Water Pipe Smoking/adverse effects , Water Pipe Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease (PVD) who had elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels, as well as to determine the latter's significance as a risk factor for PVD in the local population. METHODS: This case-controlled study was conducted between June and October 2004 in the Department of Surgery, Kuala Lumpur Hospital. A total of 100 patients were recruited and divided into control and PVD groups. Patients were defined as having PVD if they were symptomatic, with ankle-brachial systolic index < 0.90, or by radiological evidence. Lp(a) concentrations were determined using immunoturbidometry. Absorbance of reaction precipitate was measured by spectrophotometry to give Lp(a) concentration in grams per litre (g/L). The reference value for normal Lp(a) levels was < or = 0.36 g/L. RESULTS: Mean Lp(a) levels for control and PVD groups were 0.29 g/L and 0.56 g/L, and median values were 0.17 g/L and 0.48 g/L, respectively. Elevated Lp(a) levels in the control group was 26% compared to 58% in the PVD group. Analysis with Pearson's chi-squared test achieved a significant p value of 0.001. Multivariate analysis showed that elevated Lp(a) levels contributed significantly to the probability of having PVD with an odds ratio of 7.69. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum Lp(a) has a significant role as a risk factor for atherosclerotic PVD in the local population.
