Subject(s)
Acetabulum/surgery , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects , Hip Dislocation/etiology , Hip Prosthesis/adverse effects , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods , Biomechanical Phenomena , Hip Joint/surgery , Humans , Pelvis/diagnostic imaging , Pelvis/physiopathology , Range of Motion, Articular/physiologyABSTRACT
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually causes lifelong asymptomatic infection, but over time can distort immune profiles. Recent reports describe selective expansion of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells in healthy and immunocompromised CMV carriers. Having shown previously that virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses are increased significantly in elderly CMV carriers, probably driven by chronic stimulation, we hypothesized that Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells may also be expanded with age. Our results show that Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells are increased significantly in CMV-seropositive healthy individuals compared to CMV-seronegative controls in all age groups. The differences were most significant in older age groups (P < 0·0001). Furthermore, while Vδ2(neg) γδ T- cells comprise both naive and memory cells in CMV-seronegative donors, highly differentiated effector memory cells are the dominant phenotype in CMV carriers, with naive cells reduced significantly in numbers in CMV-seropositive elderly. Although phenotypically resembling conventional CMV-specific T cells, Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells do not correlate with changes in magnitude of CMV-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell frequencies within those individuals, and do not possess ex-vivo immediate effector function as shown by CMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. However, after short-term culture, Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells demonstrate effector T cell functions, suggesting additional requirements for activation. In summary, Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells are expanded in many older CMV carriers, demonstrating a further level of lymphocyte subset skewing by CMV in healthy individuals. As others have reported shared reactivity of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells towards tumour cells, the composition of γδ T cell subsets may also have implications for risk of developing cancer in elderly people.
Subject(s)
Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology , Cytomegalovirus/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cytomegalovirus Infections/virology , Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology , Humans , Immunologic Memory , Immunophenotyping , Middle Aged , Phenotype , Young AdultABSTRACT
Following a series of theoretical considerations on normal occlusion, and on the interrelationship between the dentomaxillary apparatus and the central nervous system the authors approach two practical aspects:--the effects of an early loss of the first permanent molar tooth in the autochtonous child population, and--the solving of occluding changes in the sagittal plane. With regard to the first aspect a study was carried out in 246 patients aged between 11 and 18 years. In 48 of the subjects (19.51%) there was loss of the first permanent molar tooth, 26 had lost one tooth, and 22 had lost two teeth. Occluding changes were more marked when the lower molar teeth were lacking. With regard to the second aspect the authors present several cases of anomalies of the dentomaxillary apparatus with distal occlusion, solved in the Begg technique.
Subject(s)
Malocclusion/etiology , Molar , Tooth Loss/complications , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Malocclusion/therapy , Orthodontics, CorrectiveABSTRACT
The authors make an analysis of the concept of prevention as applied to the field of stomatology, and also discuss the prophylactic strategies, and the means for action. A series of aspects are discussed, including: the why of preventive practice? What is preventive practice? The philosophy of prevention; which are the facilities and the necessary equipment?
