ABSTRACT
A series of 1,2,3-triazole analogs of the amino acids l-histidine and l-tryptophan were modeled, synthesized and tested for l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1; SLC7A5) activity to guide the design of amino acid-drug conjugates (prodrugs). These triazoles were conveniently prepared by the highly convergent Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Click Chemistry). Despite comparable predicted binding modes, triazoles generally demonstrated reduced cell uptake and LAT1 binding potency relative to their natural amino acid counterparts. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) data for these triazoles has important ramifications for treating cancer and brain disorders using amino acid prodrugs or LAT1 inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Histidine/pharmacology , Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1/metabolism , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology , Tryptophan/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Brain Diseases/drug therapy , Brain Diseases/metabolism , Click Chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Histidine/chemistry , Humans , Molecular Structure , Neoplasms/metabolism , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/chemistry , Tryptophan/chemistryABSTRACT
The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) transports essential amino acids across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into cancer cells. To utilize LAT1 for drug delivery, potent amino acid promoieties are desired, as prodrugs must compete with millimolar concentrations of endogenous amino acids. To better understand ligand-transporter interactions that could improve potency, we developed structural LAT1 models to guide the design of substituted analogues of phenylalanine and histidine. Furthermore, we evaluated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for both enantiomers of naturally occurring LAT1 substrates. Analogues were tested in cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays to determine potency and uptake rate. Surprisingly, LAT1 can transport amino acid-like substrates with wide-ranging polarities including those containing ionizable substituents. Additionally, the rate of LAT1 transport was generally nonstereoselective even though enantiomers likely exhibit different binding modes. Our findings have broad implications to the development of new treatments for brain disorders and cancer.