Subject(s)
Disease Management , Heart Failure/therapy , Activities of Daily Living , Benchmarking , Continuity of Patient Care , Disease Progression , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Humans , Life Style , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Pacemaker, Artificial , Patient Education as Topic , Patient Selection , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Primary Health Care , Primary Prevention , Progressive Patient Care , Risk Factors , Risk Reduction Behavior , Self Care , Severity of Illness Index , Terminal Care , United States/epidemiologySubject(s)
Heart Failure/therapy , Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use , Defibrillators, Implantable , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Heart Failure/prevention & control , Humans , Pacemaker, Artificial , Palliative Care , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Heart failure (HF) patients often have comorbid conditions that confound management and adversely affect prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the obesity paradox is also present in hospitalized HF patients in an integrated healthcare system. DATA SOURCES: A cohort of 2707 patients with a primary diagnosis of HF was identified within an integrated, 20-hospital healthcare system. Patients were identified by ICD-9 codes or a left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40% dating back to 1995. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the first measured height and weight when hospitalized with HF. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan Meier estimation. Hazard ratios for 3-year mortality with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using Cox regression, controlling for age, gender, and severity of illness at time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Three-year survival rates paradoxically improved for patients with increasing BMI. Survival rates for the larger three BMI quartiles were significantly better than for the lowest quartile after adjusting for severity of illness, age, and gender. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: While obesity increases the risk of developing HF approximately twofold, reports involving stable outpatients suggest that obesity is associated with improved survival after the development of HF. This finding is paradoxical because obesity increases the risk and worsens the prognosis of other cardiovascular diseases.
