Fluoride and calcium concentrations in the biofilm fluid after use of fluoridated dentifrices supplemented with polyphosphate salts.

OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated fluoride (F) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the biofilm fluid formed in situ under cariogenic challenge after using F dentifrices supplemented or not with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) or calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP). METHODS: Volunteers (n = 12) were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the toothpastes used: placebo (without F, CaGP or TMP), 1100 ppm F (1100F) and low-fluoride dentifrice (LFD, 550 ppm F) with no supplementation (550F) or supplemented with 1 % TMP (550F-TMP) or 0.25 % CaGP (550F-CaGP). In each phase, volunteers wore palatal appliances containing 4 bovine enamel blocks. Cariogenic challenge was performed with 30 % sucrose solution, 6 times/day. On the morning of the eigth day, biofilm samples were collected 12 h and 1 h after brushing and cariogenic challenge. F and Ca analyses in the biofilm fluid were performed with the inverted electrode after buffering with TISAB III and using the Arsenazo III method, respectively. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA (repeated measures) and Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: A dose-response relationship was verified between F concentrations in the dentifrices and in the biofilm fluid. Significant differences were observed among placebo, 550F, and 1100F only 1 h after brushing, without statistical differences among 550F, 550F-TMP, and 550F-CaGP. No defined trend was observed among the groups regarding Ca concentrations, with the highest values seen for placebo and 550F-CaGP. CONCLUSION: The anticaries effect of LFDs supplemented with CaGP or TMP cannot be related to an increased availability of F and Ca in the biofilm fluid. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The better performance of LFDs containing CaGP or TMP shown in previous studies should be attributed to their ability to interact with tooth enamel and with the biofilm, rather to their effect on the biofilm fluid.

Fluoride concentrations of milk, infant formulae, and soy-based products commercially available in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the fluoride (F) content in commercially available milk formulae in Brazil and to estimate the F intake in children from this source in the first year of life. METHODS: Samples of cow's milk (n = 51), infant formulae (n = 15), powdered milk (n = 13), and soy-based products (n = 4) purchased in Araçatuba (Brazil) had their F content measured using an ion-specific electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Powdered milk and infant formulae were reconstituted with deionized water, while ready-to-drink products were analyzed without any dilution. Using average infant body masses and suggested volumes of formula consumption for infants 1-12 months of age, possible F ingestion per body mass was estimated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Mean F content ranged from 0.02 to 2.52 mg/L in all samples. None of the cow's milk provided F intake higher than 0.07 mg/kg. However, two infant formulae, one powdered milk, and one soy-milk led to a daily F intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis when reconstituted with deionized water. Assuming reconstitution of products with tap water at 0.7 ppm F, two infant formulae, five powdered milk, and four soymilks led to daily F intake ranging from 0.108 to 0.851 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the consumption of some brands of infant formulae, powdered milk, and soy-based milk in the first year of age could increase the risk of dental fluorosis, reinforcing the need for periodic surveillance of the F content of foods and beverages typically consumed by young children.

Influence of the Amount of Dentifrice and Fluoride Concentrations on Salivary Fluoride Levels in Children.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of children after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations (zero, 550, and 1,100 ppm F) in different quantities (full bristles, transversal technique, and pea-sized). METHODS: Eight- to 10-year-old volunteers (N=24) were randomly assigned into nine experimental groups (dentifrice type versus amounts) following a double-blind, crossover protocol. After a one-week washout period (use of placebo toothpaste), stimulated saliva was collected prior to toothbrushing (baseline) and at five, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after toothbrushing with one of the possible combinations. Centrifuged saliva was used for F analysis after buffering with TISAB III. Data were submitted to repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls' test (P<0.05). RESULTS: Salivary F peaked at five minutes after brushing, decreasing exponentially afterward. A clear dose-response relationship was seen between F concentration/amount of dentifrice applied and the mean area under the curve (AUC) of salivary F concentrations (P<0.001). The low-fluoride toothpaste applied using transversal technique or full bristles led to a significantly higher AUC than the conventional toothpaste using a pea-sized amount. CONCLUSIONS: Brushing with a low-fluoride toothpaste applied using the transversal technique delivers more fluoride to saliva compared to a conventional toothpaste in a pea-sized amount.

Influência da quantidade de dentifrício e concentração de fluoreto na retenção intrabucal de fluoreto em crianças / Influence of the amount of dentifrice and fluoride concentrations on intraoral fluoride retention in children

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações de fluoreto (F) na saliva após a escovação com dentifrícios contendo diferentes concentrações de F (0, 550 e 1100 ppm F, pH neutro) em diferentes quantidades (0,1, 0,3 e 0,5 g). Os voluntários (n = 24, 8-10 anos de idade) foram aleatoriamente divididos em 9 grupos experimentais, de acordo com as possíveis combinações de dentifrícios e quantidades. Estes foram instruídos a escovar seus dentes 3 vezes ao dia durante uma semana com um dentifrício placebo (período de "wash out"). No sétimo dia, foi coletada uma amostra de saliva estimulada (baseline) previamente à escovação, seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego e cruzado. Em seguida, as crianças escovaram os dentes por um minuto com a respectiva combinação de dentifrício e quantidade, sendo as amostras de saliva coletadas 5, 15, 30, 60 e 120 minutos após. O protocolo foi repetido por 8 semanas adicionais, contemplando o protocolo cruzado do estudo. As amostras foram centrifugadas e os sobrenadantes, congelados para posterior análise de F, utilizando um eletrodo íon-seletivo (Orion 9409) e um eletrodo de referência (Orion 9002) após tamponamento com TISAB III. A área sob a curva (AUC) para o clearance do fluoreto na saliva foi calculada usando os pontos individuais (regra trapezoidal). Os dados de fluxo salivar, concentração de F na saliva nos diferentes tempos de coleta, bem como de AUC foram submetidos a ANOVA a dois critérios, de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0.05). Foi observado um pico nas concentrações de F na saliva 5 min após a escovação, as quais decresceram exponencialmente nas coletas seguintes. Uma relação dose-resposta evidente foi observada entre a concentração e quantidade de F nos dentifrícios e a AUC da concentração de F na saliva (p<0,001). A escovação com 0,3 e 0,5 g do dentifrício com concentração reduzida de F (550 ppm F) levou a valores de AUC significativamente mais altos quando comparados...

This aim of this study was to evaluate fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of children after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations (0, 550 and 1100 ppm F) in different amount (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g). Volunteers (n=24, 8-10 years old) were randomly assigned into 9 experimental groups, according to the possible combinations of F concentrations in the dentifrices and amount used, following a double-blind, crossover protocol. They were instructed to brush their teeth with a placebo dentifrice, 3 times/day, during one week (wash out period). On the 7th day, stimulated saliva was collected prior to toothbrushing (baseline) with the assigned combination of dentifrice type and amount. Following, saliva samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after toothbrushing and the protocol was then repeated for 8 additional weeks, in order to follow the crossover protocol. Saliva samples were then centrifuged and the supernatants were frozen until F analysis, which was carried out using ion-selective (Orion 9409) and reference (Orion 9002) electrodes after buffering with TISAB III. The area under the curve (AUC) for salivary fluoride clearance was calculated using the individual points (trapezoidal rule). Data of salivary flow rate, salivary F concentrations at each collection point, as well as of AUC were submitted to two-way, repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). A marked peak in salivary fluoride concentrations was seen 5 min after brushing, decreasing exponentially afterwards. A clear dose-response relationship was seen between fluoride concentration and amount of dentifrice used and the mean AUC of salivary F concentrations (p<0.001). Toothbrushing with 0.3 and 0.5 g of the low-fluoride toothpaste (550 ppm F) led to significantly higher AUC values when compared with the conventional toothpaste (1100 ppm F) using 0.1 g of the product. It can be concluded that brushing with a low-fluoride toothpaste…

Influência da quantidade de dentifrício e concentração de fluoreto na retenção intrabucal de fluoreto em crianças / Influence of the amount of dentifrice and fluoride concentrations on intraoral fluoride retention in children

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações de fluoreto (F) na saliva após a escovação com dentifrícios contendo diferentes concentrações de F (0, 550 e 1100 ppm F, pH neutro) em diferentes quantidades (0,1, 0,3 e 0,5 g). Os voluntários (n = 24, 8-10 anos de idade) foram aleatoriamente divididos em 9 grupos experimentais, de acordo com as possíveis combinações de dentifrícios e quantidades. Estes foram instruídos a escovar seus dentes 3 vezes ao dia durante uma semana com um dentifrício placebo (período de "wash out"). No sétimo dia, foi coletada uma amostra de saliva estimulada (baseline) previamente à escovação, seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego e cruzado. Em seguida, as crianças escovaram os dentes por um minuto com a respectiva combinação de dentifrício e quantidade, sendo as amostras de saliva coletadas 5, 15, 30, 60 e 120 minutos após. O protocolo foi repetido por 8 semanas adicionais, contemplando o protocolo cruzado do estudo. As amostras foram centrifugadas e os sobrenadantes, congelados para posterior análise de F, utilizando um eletrodo íon-seletivo (Orion 9409) e um eletrodo de referência (Orion 9002) após tamponamento com TISAB III. A área sob a curva (AUC) para o clearance do fluoreto na saliva foi calculada usando os pontos individuais (regra trapezoidal). Os dados de fluxo salivar, concentração de F na saliva nos diferentes tempos de coleta, bem como de AUC foram submetidos a ANOVA a dois critérios, de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0.05). Foi observado um pico nas concentrações de F na saliva 5 min após a escovação, as quais decresceram exponencialmente nas coletas seguintes. Uma relação dose-resposta evidente foi observada entre a concentração e quantidade de F nos dentifrícios e a AUC da concentração de F na saliva (p<0,001). A escovação com 0,3 e 0,5 g do dentifrício com concentração reduzida de F (550 ppm F) levou a valores de AUC significativamente mais altos quando comparados aos...

This aim of this study was to evaluate fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of children after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations (0, 550 and 1100 ppm F) in different amount (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g). Volunteers (n=24, 8-10 years old) were randomly assigned into 9 experimental groups, according to the possible combinations of F concentrations in the dentifrices and amount used, following a double-blind, crossover protocol. They were instructed to brush their teeth with a placebo dentifrice, 3 times/day, during one week (wash out period). On the 7th day, stimulated saliva was collected prior to toothbrushing (baseline) with the assigned combination of dentifrice type and amount. Following, saliva samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after toothbrushing and the protocol was then repeated for 8 additional weeks, in order to follow the crossover protocol. Saliva samples were then centrifuged and the supernatants were frozen until F analysis, which was carried out using ion-selective (Orion 9409) and reference (Orion 9002) electrodes after buffering with TISAB III. The area under the curve (AUC) for salivary fluoride clearance was calculated using the individual points (trapezoidal rule). Data of salivary flow rate, salivary F concentrations at each collection point, as well as of AUC were submitted to two-way, repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). A marked peak in salivary fluoride concentrations was seen 5 min after brushing, decreasing exponentially afterwards. A clear dose-response relationship was seen between fluoride concentration and amount of dentifrice used and the mean AUC of salivary F concentrations (p<0.001). Toothbrushing with 0.3 and 0.5 g of the low-fluoride toothpaste (550 ppm F) led to significantly higher AUC values when compared with the conventional toothpaste (1100 ppm F) using 0.1 g of the product. It can be concluded that brushing with a low-fluoride toothpaste…