ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dietary intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on multiple indices of infant growth and development. DESIGN: A double-masked, randomized, parallel trial was conducted with term infants fed formulas with or without AA+DHA for 1 year (N = 239). Reference groups of breastfed infants (N = 165) weaned to formulas with and without AA+DHA were also studied. Infants in the formula groups were randomized at =9 days of age to a control formula with no AA or DHA (n = 77) or 1 of 2 otherwise identical formulas containing AA+DHA (AA, 0.46% and DHA, 0.14% of total fatty acids) from either egg-derived triglyceride (egg-DTG [n=80]) or fish oil and fungal oil (fish/fungal [n = 82]) at levels similar to the average in breast milk samples as measured in the reference group. All formulas contained 50% of energy from fat with the essential dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid (20% fatty acids) and alpha-linolenic acid (2% fatty acids). The main study outcomes were AA and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cells, and multiple measures of infant development at multiple ages from birth to 14 months: growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, and temperament. RESULTS: AA and DHA levels in plasma and red cells were higher in AA+DHA-supplemented groups than in the control formula group and comparable to those in reference groups. No developmental test results distinguished these groups. Expected differences in family demographics associated with breastfeeding were found, but no advantages to breastfeeding on any of the developmental outcome demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support adding AA+DHA to formulas containing 10% energy as linoleic acid and 1% energy as alpha-linolenic acid to enhance growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, or temperament in healthy, term infants during the first 14 months after birth.infant development, breast feeding, infant formula, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid.
Subject(s)
Child Development/drug effects , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/therapeutic use , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Arachidonic Acid/administration & dosage , Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology , Arachidonic Acid/therapeutic use , Breast Feeding , Child Development/physiology , Cohort Studies , Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology , Docosahexaenoic Acids/therapeutic use , Double-Blind Method , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology , Female , Food, Fortified , Humans , Infant Food , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature/physiology , Milk, Human , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
In summary, fortification of human milk may be beneficial in preterm infants, particularly those born at less than 34 weeks' gestation or less than 1800 g birth weight, during and after initial hospitalization. This fortification after hospital discharge is more crucial for infants who cannot consume ad libitum quantities of breast milk, have poor growth, or have abnormalities in the biochemical screen of nutritional status. Although data indicate that in-hospital, short-term gains in growth and mineral status are achieved, information is fragmentary regarding the influence on long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of feeding supplemented human milk. Also, no data are available on outcomes when providing these mixtures to premature infants after hospital discharge. It is recommended that a nutritional survey be accomplished before and approximately 1 month after discharge and that fortification or supplementation be initiated if an infant is failing to achieve normal growth and biochemical measures of nutrition.
Subject(s)
Aftercare/methods , Breast Feeding , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Nutrition Assessment , Dietary Supplements , Gestational Age , Growth Disorders/diagnosis , Growth Disorders/etiology , Growth Disorders/prevention & control , Humans , Infant , Infant Food , Infant Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis , Infant Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Infant Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Infant, Newborn , Milk, Human/chemistry , Nutritional Requirements , Nutritional Status , Pediatrics/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: At hospital discharge, preterm infants may have low body stores of nutrients, deficient bone mineralization, and an accumulated energy deficit. This double-blind, randomized study evaluated the growth of premature infants with birth weights <1800 g who were fed a 22 kcal/fl oz nutrient-enriched postdischarge formula (PDF) or a 20 kcal/fl oz term-infant formula (TF) from hospital discharge to 12 months' corrected age (CA). METHODS: Infants were randomized to PDF or TF a few days before hospital discharge with stratification by gender and birth weight (<1250 g or >/=1250 g). The formulas were fed to 12 months' CA. Growth was evaluated using analysis of variance controlling for site, feeding, gender, and birth weight group. Interaction effects were also assessed. Secondary analyses included a repeated measures analysis and growth modeling. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-five infants were randomized; 74 completed to 6 months' CA and 53 to 12 months' CA. PDF-fed infants weighed more than TF-fed infants at 1 and 2 months' CA, gained more weight from study day 1 to 1 and 2 months' CA, and were longer at 3 months' CA. There were significant interactions between feeding and birth weight group-among infants with birth weights <1250 g, those fed PDF weighed more at 6 months' CA, were longer at 6 months' CA, had larger head circumferences at term 1, 3, 6, and 12 months' CA, and gained more in head circumference from study day 1 to term and to 1 month CA. The repeated measures and growth modeling analyses confirmed the analysis of variance results. The PDF formula seemed to be of particular benefit for the growth of male infants. Infants fed the PDF consumed less formula and had higher protein intakes at several time points. Energy intakes, however, were not different. CONCLUSIONS: Growth was improved in preterm infants fed a nutrient-enriched postdischarge formula after hospital discharge to 12 months' CA. Beneficial effects were most evident among infants with birth weights <1250 g, particularly for head circumference measurements.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Infant Food , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Aftercare , Energy Intake , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Readmission of breastfeeding infants for hyperbilirubinemia and/or dehydration has been increasing in recent years. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the indications for the condition of these infants at readmission, and to determine factors present prior to initial hospital discharge which might have identified them to be at risk. STUDY DESIGN: The records of 125 breastfeeding infants who were admitted to Children's Mercy Hospital from 1995 to 1997 in the first 2 weeks of life with diagnoses of hyperbilirubinemia, dehydration, or feeding problems were reviewed. Infants with hemolytic disease, infection, or other underlying causes were excluded. At readmission, 80 infants had total bilirubin levels > 342 mumol/l (20 mg/dl) and gestational age > or = 38 weeks or total bilirubin levels > 308 mumol/l (18 mg/dl) and gestational age < 38 weeks. Forty-nine infants had a weight loss > or = 12% from birth weight or a serum sodium concentration > or = 145 mmol/l. Twenty-six infants had both hyperbilirubinemia and excessive weight loss or hypernatremia. RESULTS: The mean gestational age of all infants was 38.6 weeks, 95% CI, 38.3 to 38.9 weeks. Mean length of initial hospital stay was 1.8 days (SD 1.03) for vaginally delivered infants compared with 3.4 days (SD 2.1) for those delivered by C-section (p = 0.003). The Cesarean birth rate (9%) was disproportionally low in infants readmitted compared with overall C-section rate in Kansas City, MO (17%) (p = 0.03). There was a significantly lower rate of readmission for infants whose initial hospital stay was > or = 3 days (p = < 0.002), but not for infants whose initial stay was > or = 2 days (p = 0.1). Infants admitted for hyperbilirubinemia only were at 38.3 +/- 1.6 weeks gestation compared with infants admitted for excessive weight loss or hypernatremia, 39.2 +/- 1.3 (p = 0.06), and 1 days older, 5.4 +/- 1.9 days vs. 4.4 +/- 2.5 days (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that prematurity and short hospital stays are risk factors for readmission of breastfeeding infants with hyperbilirubinemia and/or excessive weight loss and hypernatremia. An initial hospital stay > or = 3 days was associated with a reduced risk for readmission of these infants.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Patient Readmission/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Dehydration/epidemiology , Dehydration/therapy , Female , Humans , Hypernatremia/epidemiology , Hypernatremia/therapy , Infant, Newborn , Jaundice, Neonatal/epidemiology , Jaundice, Neonatal/therapy , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Weight LossABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the growth and nutritional status of preterm infants receiving preterm human milk supplemented with a newly formulated powdered human milk fortifier (HMF), study fortifier (SF), or a powdered commercial HMF (CF). METHODS: Infants (n = 144) with a birth weight =1600 g and gestational age at birth of =33 weeks were enrolled and randomized before 21 days of life. Study day (SDAY) 1 was defined as the day full-strength fortification (4 packets/100 mL) began and the infant reached an intake of at least 100 mL/kg/day. Growth, biochemical indices of nutritional status, enteral intake, feeding tolerance, clinical histories, and morbidity were assessed serially. The primary outcome variable was weight gain (g/kg/day) from SDAYs 1 to 29 or hospital discharge, whichever came first. RESULTS: Infants fed human milk supplemented with SF consistently grew more rapidly from SDAYs 1 to 29 (or hospital discharge), regardless of whether the statistical analyses were performed on all subjects who were randomized into the study and reached SDAY 1 (intent-to-treat) or were limited to those able to adhere strictly to the feeding protocol of the study (subgroup). Using mean values adjusted for study site (least square [LS] means), the weight gain differences were 2.6 and 3.8 g/kg/day for the intent-to-treat and subgroup analyses, respectively. Likewise, the length-gain differences were.14 and.18 cm/week for the intent-to-treat and subgroup analyses, respectively. Infants in the SF group reached a weight of 1800 g at SDAY 18, and those in the CF group at SDAY 25. Mean alkaline phosphatase values among infants in the SF group were higher than for the CF infants (eg, LS means: 327 U/L vs 272 U/L, intent-to-treat analysis), likely reflecting the more rapid linear growth of the SF infants. Mean serum calcium values tended to be lower in the SF group in the intent-to-treat analysis and were significantly lower in the subgroup analysis (LS means: 10.3 mg/dL vs 11.2 mg/dL). Both fortifiers were generally well-tolerated, although an increased number of infants in the CF group exited the feeding protocol because of gastric residuals and abdominal distention. CONCLUSION: A new powdered HMF was shown to enhance the growth of preterm infants, compared with a commercially available powdered HMF in the United States.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Milk, Human , Anthropometry , Double-Blind Method , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Nutritional Status , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
The rate of prematurity in the United States has increased over the past 15 years despite a reduction in overall infant mortality and birth weight-specific mortality. The major factors contributing to premature birth exist before pregnancy and therefore will require intervention strategies in the pediatric patient. The high-risk factors include young age at conception (16 years), use of illicit drugs and smoking, poor nutritional status, and certain vaginal infections. Pediatric intervention strategies should include sociologic as well as health education stressing heightened self-esteem and communication skills, avoidance of pregnancy and unprotected sexual activity, avoidance of smoking and drug use, and promotion of a good nutritional status.
Subject(s)
Obstetric Labor, Premature/prevention & control , Pediatrics , Physician's Role , Clinical Protocols , Female , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether influenza immunization is associated with early side effects, a deleterious impact on the illness course and depressed antibody response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. CFS patients and healthy volunteers filled out a questionnaire on immunization side effects and had hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titres measured pre- and three weeks after immunization. CFS patients completed symptom and function questionnaires before and during the six-week, postimmunization period. SETTING: Ambulatory care. POPULATION STUDIED: Convenience sample of 40 CFS patients fulfilling the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria and 21 demographically matched healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: CFS patients were randomly selected to receive commercially available whole virus influenza vaccine (n=19) or an injection of saline placebo (n=21). Healthy volunteers received vaccine only. MAIN RESULTS: As a group, immunized CFS patients had lower geometric mean HI antibody rises than healthy volunteers (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in the rates of fourfold titre rises, and immunization did achieve a probably protective titre (1:32 or greater) in most CFS patients. No difference could be detected between immunized and placebo CFS patients in immunization side effects, although CFS patients as a group reported four times as many side effects as healthy volunteers. Further, in the six weeks following immunization, placebo and immunized CFS patients did not demonstrate any differences in terms of functioning, symptom severity and sleep disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CFS, influenza immunization is safe, not associated with any excess early reactions, and stimulates an immunizing response comparable with that of healthy volunteers.
ABSTRACT
Indications for administration of surfactant to infants with established respiratory distress syndrome (RDS; rescue therapy) remains an area of continued investigation. Current recommendations vary from use in infants who are intubated and have an aAPO2 <0.22 to use in infants receiving >/=40% oxygen administered in a hood when the PaO2 is <80 TORR (aAPO2 approximately <0.36). This commentary is written in response to the article by Verder et al, in this issue of Pediatrics, who evaluated early versus late treatment of RDS in 60 preterm infants <30 weeks' gestation receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Early-treated infants (aAPO2, 0.22 to 0.35; mean, 0.26) had a lower incidence of mechanical ventilation or death (21%) than did late-treated infants (63%), who did not receive surfactant treatment until the aAPO2 was <0.22 (0.15 to 0.21; mean, 0.16). The authors conclude that although approximately half of infants <30 weeks' gestation with RDS can be treated with nasal CPAP alone, early treatment with surfactant when the aAPO2 is 0.22 to 0.36 reduced significantly the need for mechanical ventilation. Limitations of applicability of the study to widespread use include determination of PO2 values from transcutaneous measurements, which may vary from those obtained from arterial samples and affect significantly aAPO2 ratios. Likewise, use of nasal CPAP significantly affects oxygenation, and interpretation of results cannot be extrapolated to intubated infants or those receiving oxygen delivered under a hood. Nonetheless, the use of the aAPO2 ratio and early administration of surfactant are supported by this study.
Subject(s)
Oxygen/blood , Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy , Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/blood , Severity of Illness Index , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of a prophylactic surfactant treatment strategy (PRO) to the effectiveness of a rescue (RESC) surfactant treatment strategy in patients at high risk for developing hyaline membrane disease (HMD). STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data from a retrospective cohort consisting of all patients admitted to the neonatal intensive care units at the centers participating in the recently completed Infasurf-Survanta Comparative Trial. To be in the cohort, a patient had to be admitted during the trial, be <48 hours of age on admission, have a gestational age of <30 weeks, have a birth weight of 501 to 1250 gm, and be free of congenital anomalies. Twelve centers participated in this study. They contributed 1097 patients of whom 381 were treated with a PRO strategy. RESULTS: Survival was significantly higher in the PRO-strategy patients (84% vs 72%, p < 0.05) as was survival without oxygen requirement at a postconceptional age of 36 weeks (60% vs 46%, p < 0.05). In addition, the patients with PRO had a lower prevalence of grade III and IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH, 9% vs 14%, p < 0.05). All analyses were controlled for birth weight and type of study center. CONCLUSION: These data support the conclusion that using a PRO treatment strategy results in improved survival in patients at risk for developing HMD. A PRO treatment strategy may also decrease the likelihood of developing a severe IVH.
Subject(s)
Hyaline Membrane Disease/prevention & control , Infant Mortality , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use , Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 40 mg/kg phenobarbital given to term infants with severe asphyxia would result in a lower incidence of seizures in the newborn period and an improved neurologic outcome. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, prospective study. Entry criteria included (1) an initial arterial pH less than or equal to 7.0 with a base deficit 15 mEq/L or more, (2) Apgar score less than or equal to 3 at 5 minutes of age, or (3) failure to initiate spontaneous respiration by 10 minutes of age. Sample size was calculated to detect a 50% reduction in the incidence of neonatal seizures. RESULTS: No differences were present between treatment and control groups with respect to severity of asphyxia assessed by initial arterial pH, base excess, cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase concentration or detection of CSF creatine kinase of its BB isoenzyme. Seizures occurred in 9 of 15 infants in the treatment group and 14 of 16 infants in the control group (p = 0.11). No adverse effects were observed from phenobarbital on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, or arterial blood gas values. Three-year follow-up revealed normal outcome in 11 of 15 infants in the treatment group and 3 of 16 in the control group (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Phenobarbital, when administered in a dose of 40 mg/kg intravenously over 1 hour in term, severely asphyxiated newborn infants appeared to be safe and was associated with a 27% reduction in the incidence of seizures and a significant improvement in neurologic outcome at 3 years of age.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Asphyxia Neonatorum/complications , Phenobarbital/therapeutic use , Seizures/prevention & control , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Asphyxia Neonatorum/metabolism , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Phenobarbital/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Seizures/etiology , Seizures/metabolism , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative safety and efficacy of Infasurf (calf lung surfactant extract; ONY, Inc, Amherst, NY, IND #27169) versus Survanta (Beractant, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) in reducing the acute severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) when given at birth and to infants with established RDS. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. SETTING: Thirteen neonatal intensive care units participated in the treatment arm: seven of these concurrently participated in the prevention arm. PATIENTS: The treatment arm enrolled infants of =2000 g birth weight with established RDS, and the prevention arm enrolled infants of =29 weeks' gestation with birth weights <1250 g. INTERVENTION: Infants were randomly assigned to receive Infasurf (n = 303, treatment arm; n = 180, prevention arm) or Survanta (n = 305, treatment arm; n = 194, prevention arm) in accordance with the Survanta package insert instructions. OUTCOME MEASURES: We projected a 25% reduction between groups in the need for a third dose of surfactant for infants with established RDS, and a 25% reduction in the need for a second dose of surfactant for infants who received prophylactic surfactant. Secondary outcomes included the severity of RDS measured by inspired oxygen concentrations and mean airway pressure, air leaks, complications associated with surfactant administration, and survival to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age without the need for oxygen supplementation. RESULTS: In the treatment arm, there was no difference between groups in the number of infants requiring more than two doses of surfactant. The interval between doses was significantly longer for Infasurf, suggesting an increased duration of treatment effect. The inspired oxygen concentration and mean airway pressure were lower in the Infasurf infants during the first 48 hours in the treatment arm. In the prevention arm, there were no differences with respect to the number of surfactant doses. The dosing intervals were longer for Infasurf infants after the second dose. No difference in inspired oxygen or mean airway pressure was noted during the first 72 hours. There were no significant differences in the incidence of air leaks, complications associated with dosing, complications of prematurity, mortality, or survival without chronic lung disease in the prevention or treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS: Infants treated with Infasurf have a modest benefit in the acute phase of RDS. Infasurf seems to produce a longer duration of effect than Survanta.
Subject(s)
Biological Products , Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/drug therapy , Age Factors , Apgar Score , Birth Weight , Double-Blind Method , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Small for Gestational Age , Male , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Surfactants/administration & dosage , Pulmonary Surfactants/adverse effects , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The CNS and the retina are enriched in long chain polyunsaturated (LCP) fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which are present in human milk but not in most infant formulas. In the present study of 134 formula-fed and 63 breast-fed infants, we prospectively evaluated whether providing a source of DHA and AA or DHA alone in formula would increase red blood cell (RBC) phospholipid levels of these fatty acids, enhance visual function, or affect growth during the first year. Healthy term infants < 7 d old were randomized to be fed formulas containing linoleic acid (approximately 10% kcal) and alpha-linolenic acid (approximately 1% kcal) plus (1) no added LCP fatty acids (control formula), (2) DHA (0.12 wt% fatty acids) and AA (0.43 wt%) from egg yolk phospholipid (AA + DHA formula), or (3) DHA (0.2 wt%) from fish oil (DHA formula). A breast-fed group was studied concurrently and permitted formula supplementation after 3 mo. Visual acuity was measured using both the acuity card procedure and a visual evoked potential method at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 mo. Infants fed the control formula had 10-40% lower RBC levels of DHA and AA than infants in the breast-fed group. Infants fed the AA + DHA formula had levels of both LCP within approximately 10% of the values for infants in the breast-fed group, and infants fed the DHA formula had 25-55% higher DHA levels and 15-40% lower AA levels. There were no differences in growth or in visual function during this 12-mo feeding study.
Subject(s)
Erythrocytes/drug effects , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Growth/drug effects , Infant Food , Visual Acuity/drug effects , Anthropometry , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , Milk, Human , Phospholipids/chemistry , Visual Acuity/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Furosemide treatment in the human neonate is associated with sodium depletion, growth retardation, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Dietary sodium intake is known to directly influence urinary calcium excretion. The objectives of this study were to create a rat model of furosemide-induced nephrocalcinosis and to test the effects of dietary sodium supplementation on growth, electrolyte balance, calciuria, and renal calcifications. METHODS: Initially, 18 weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Groups A (control) and B were fed a basal diet. Group C was fed a sodium-enriched diet. Groups B and C received furosemide (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily for 28 days. At the end of the study, serum, urine, and kidney samples were obtained for biochemical and histologic analyses. The three groups were then compared for differences in growth, electrolyte homeostasis, calcium excretion and nephrocalcinosis. Subsequently an additional 15 rats were studied to confirm our findings regarding urinary calcium excretion and kidney calcifications. RESULTS: Treatment with furosemide without sodium supplementation (group B) resulted in decreased weight gain compared with group A (137.5 +/- 12.9 vs 154.0 +/- 10.6 g; p < 0.05), hypokalemia (3.7 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.4 mEq/l; p < 0.05), and nephrocalcinosis (187.1 +/- 155 vs. 18.8 +/- 6.9 micrograms Ca/g dry kidney; p < 0.05). Sodium supplementation (group C) normalized weight gain and corrected electrolyte abnormalities without increasing calciuria or nephrocalcinosis. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in this animal model, chronic furosemide treatment results in growth failure and development of nephrocalcinosis. Sodium supplementation protects against the deleterious effects of furosemide on weight gain and electrolyte homeostasis with no adverse effect on nephrocalcinosis.
Subject(s)
Furosemide/toxicity , Nephrocalcinosis/chemically induced , Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology , Weight Gain , Animals , Calcium/urine , Electrolytes/metabolism , Homeostasis , Nephrocalcinosis/physiopathology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sodium, Dietary/administration & dosage , WeaningABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Determination of glucose concentration from whole blood samples in neonates is confounded by variable hematocrit values, sample source, user technique, and test method, which results in poor correlation with glucose values measured from plasma or serum. Recently developed ion-selective electrodes (ISE) allow measurement of glucose in the water phase of both red blood cells and plasma with a small sample size (200 microliters). STUDY DESIGN: The purpose of this study was to compare (1) whole blood and plasma glucose measurements by the ISE method and (2) ISE glucose values with those determined by two chromogen reagent test strip colorimetric methods. Values were determined in 180 different samples obtained from 145 infants. RESULTS: Correlation of whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations determined by the ISE method was excellent (y = 0.99x, R2 = 0.99) and no effect was seen from hematocrit values. The two chromogen test strip methods also revealed good linearity with ISE whole blood and plasma glucose values but had large confidence intervals for individual values. Sensitivity for detecting blood glucose levels < 40 mg/dl by the two test strip methods was 9 of 11 and 9 of 10 with four and one false-positive results, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the ISE method provides an excellent correlation of whole blood and plasma glucose measurement results, overcoming technical problems of differing hematocrit values and serum or plasma sample acquisition in neonates. Chromogen test strip methods have limited value in estimating specific glucose values, but can be useful in screening infants for hypoglycemia.
Subject(s)
Blood Chemical Analysis/methods , Blood Glucose , Glucose/analysis , Plasma , Electrodes , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Linear Models , Plasma/chemistry , Sensitivity and SpecificitySubject(s)
Bilirubin/analysis , Body Weight , Length of Stay , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Length of Stay/trends , Linear Models , Male , Patient Discharge , Regression Analysis , Sampling StudiesABSTRACT
A randomized, double-blind study was conducted to determine whether continued feeding of premature infant formula after hospital discharge improve biochemical measures of bone mineral or protein status and anthropometrics during the first 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, after initial hospital discharge. Forty-three subjects were randomized to receive either a 20 kcal/ounce standard cow's milk-based formula with iron or a 20 kcal/ounce premature infant formula with iron for 8 weeks after hospital discharge. Sixteen exclusively breast-fed infants (mother's own milk) who received a multivitamin supplement with iron were compared with infants in both formula groups. There were no differences among the three groups in gender, birth weight, gestational age, or weight and age at the time of study entry. Alkaline phosphatase values were lower in infants receiving premature infant formula than in those receiving standard formula 8 weeks after discharge. Phosphorus values were lower and alkaline phosphatase values higher in the human milk-fed group than in both formula groups 8 weeks after discharge despite supplementation with calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D before and during the study. At 8 weeks after discharge, human milk-fed infants also had lower transferrin levels than infants fed formulas. Infants in both formula groups grew similarly in weight, whereas the infants fed human milk weighed less throughout the study. The group fed premature infant formula had greater mean length and head circumference than the standard formula or human milk-fed groups. These data indicate that premature infants weighing < 1800 gm at birth may benefit from the continuation of premature infant formula during the first 8 weeks after initial hospital discharge.
Subject(s)
Infant Food , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Premature , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Milk , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Anthropometry , Breast Feeding , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Patient Discharge , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Initiation of antibiotic therapy shortly after birth in infants at high risk for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis is a common practice. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether the absence of group B streptococcal isolation from nose or ear cultures in such infants would have a high negative predictive value and low false-negative rate in predicting infants without sepsis and therefore whether such cultures would be of value in determining in which infants antibiotics could be safely discontinued. Infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit during 1989 and 1990 had a nasal culture obtained at admission and during 1991 and 1992 had an ear canal culture. Infants in whom sepsis was suspected had a blood culture in addition to a complete blood cell count, urine latex agglutination study for group B streptococci antigen, chest roentgenography and frequent monitoring of physiologic variables. The negative predictive value of nose and ear was 99% (2144 of 2149) and the false-negative rate was 7% (five negative surface cultures from 72 infants with sepsis in whom surface cultures were obtained). All five false-negative cultures were obtained from the ear canal. The false-negative rate of nose cultures was 0% (0 of 35). The high negative predictive value and low false-negative rate of nose cultures in identifying infants without sepsis suggest that nose cultures may provide additional valuable information in identifying the infant in whom antibiotics may be safely discontinued in the absence of other factors suggestive of systemic infection.
Subject(s)
Ear Canal/microbiology , Nose/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcus agalactiae , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , False Negative Reactions , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the typical ranges for central venous oxygen saturation and PO2 in a group of critically ill neonates and the relationship of these measurements to measurements of arterial oxygenation and indicators of oxygen supply and demand. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Newborn intensive care unit (ICU) in a children's hospital. PATIENTS: Eighteen newborn infants (1 to 3 days old) who required mechanical ventilation for respiratory diseases, but who were hemodynamically stable and in acid-base balance. INTERVENTIONS: Umbilical artery and right atrial catheterization were performed, allowing simultaneous blood gas sampling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Simultaneous umbilical arterial and right atrial blood gas measurements were analyzed (n = 100). Mean mixed venous oxygen saturation was 83.3% and mixed venous oxygen tension 37.8 torr (5.1 kPa). The mixed venous oxygen saturation correlated well with the arterial-venous oxygen content difference (C[a-v]O2) and fractional oxygen extraction, r = -.77 (r2 = .59) and -.85 (r2 = .72), respectively (p < .0005). Poor correlation was found between the mixed venous oxygen saturation and arterial oxygen saturation values. Two cases are presented in which measurements of mixed venous oxygenation led to recognition of apparent tissue hypoxia earlier than did measurements of arterial oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that measurement of central venous oxygenation in ill neonates may reflect more accurately the oxygen supply and demand status of the neonate than measurement of arterial oxygenation alone.