Improving access to human papillomavirus vaccines: A case study in the IA2030 core principle of partnership.

Partnerships are fundamental to progress in immunization, and this is especially true for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, which must be delivered in the context of a broader immunization, sexual and reproductive health, and cervical cancer prevention programs. Starting from the discovery and development of HPV vaccines, through to implementation and improvement of the program's resilience, partnerships have played a critical role. In May 2018, the Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer set a target for 90 % of girls to be fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. This will require effective partnership and multisectoral collaboration among current and future partners to ensure alignment of interests, efficient execution, and the establishment of mechanisms to resolve emerging challenges and pre-empt foreseeable risks. In ramping up this partnering approach, HPV can provide a template for other health and immunization programs.

The quest for more effective vaccine markets - Opportunities, challenges, and what has changed with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

The past two decades have seen important progress in access to timely, reliable, affordable, and quality-assured supplies of vaccines of global public health importance. The new vaccines developed are powerful tools to fight killers such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and cervical cancer. Global and regional financing and pooled procurement haveshortened the lag between access in high- andlower-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that by addressing shortcomings and seizing opportunities, we can do even more. In response to COVID-19, vaccine development and access shifted from a sequential, risk-averse paradigm to a rapid approach with maximum compression of time to market while ensuring quality. Vast public investments and innovative technologies were key facilitators. The pandemic has shown that governments play a crucial role in investing in new vaccines and manufacturing capacity and sharing risks with industry. Despite impressive progress, equity in access remains elusive with important moral, economic, and health-related consequences. Global leaders are working on a new International Treaty for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response. To apply the lessons of COVID-19, that treaty should include a new paradigm for access to vaccines in which governments agree to:This would ensure that COVID-19 catalyzes a shift toward greater access for all under Immunization Agenda 2030.

Determining measles-containing vaccine demand and supply: an imperative to support measles mortality reduction efforts.

Measles remains a major cause of mortality with an estimated 745,000 deaths in 2001. The timely, sustained, and uninterrupted supply of affordable vaccines is critical for global efforts to reduce measles mortality. The measles vaccine supply needs to be considered in the context of vaccine security. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) issued a number of new recommendations for measles control that resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) doses administered between 2000 and 2002. Any additional increments in mass campaigns must be duly planned and have time lines so that vaccine production capacities are increased to optimal levels. The cornerstone of vaccine security efforts remains at the country level. WHO and UNICEF, with major partners, will review progress on measles mortality reduction and assess the feasibility of global measles eradication. Strong collaboration by all key stakeholders will be invaluable.