ABSTRACT
Public health interventions to decrease the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were largely implemented in the United States during spring 2020. This study evaluates the additional effects of these interventions on non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections from a single healthcare system in the San Francisco Bay Area. The results of a respiratory pathogen multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel intended for inpatient admissions were analyzed by month between 2019 and 2020. We found major decreases in the proportion and diversity of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral illnesses in all months following masking and shelter-in-place ordinances. These findings suggest real-world effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on droplet-transmitted respiratory infections.
Subject(s)
Meat/microbiology , Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/transmission , Streptococcus suis/pathogenicity , Zoonoses/microbiology , Animals , Food Contamination , Hearing Loss/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Philippines , Serotyping , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Swine/microbiology , Travel , United States , Virulence/genetics , Zoonoses/transmissionABSTRACT
To meet the challenges of diagnosis and management of infectious diseases, clinical pathology residents must receive comprehensive training in microbiology, learn to think critically, develop problem-solving skills, and take active roles as laboratory consultants. Residents well trained in clinical microbiology become capable laboratory professionals, developing cost-effective testing strategies, decreasing risk for medical errors, and improving patient care. Newer methods for diagnosing infectious disease, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, microarrays for pathogen detection, and rapid assays for antigen or antibody detection, have become standard. Knowledge of infectious disease principles, drug therapeutic options, and drug resistance is also important. Suggestions for training and for assessing resident competency in clinical microbiology are presented.
Subject(s)
Competency-Based Education/methods , Internship and Residency/methods , Microbiology/education , Curriculum , HumansABSTRACT
We describe a case of treatment failure caused by a strain of USA300 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with intermediate susceptibility to vancomycin and reduced susceptibility to daptomycin. The strain was isolated from the bone of a 56-year-old man with lumbar osteomyelitis after a 6-week treatment course of vancomycin for catheter-associated septic thrombophlebitis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Methicillin/pharmacology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Vancomycin/pharmacology , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Daptomycin/pharmacology , Humans , Lumbar Vertebrae/microbiology , Male , Methicillin Resistance , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Osteomyelitis/drug therapy , Osteomyelitis/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Thrombophlebitis/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome , Vancomycin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The Binax NOW assay (Binax, Inc., Portland, Maine) and the BD Directigen EZ assay (Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, Md.), two new rapid immunoassays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), as well as the BD Directigen RSV assay (DRSV) (Becton Dickinson and Company) and direct immunofluorescence staining (DFA) were compared with culture for detection of RSV in fresh specimens from both children and adults during the 2002-2003 respiratory virus season. The majority (95%) of specimens were nasal or nasopharyngeal washes or aspirates. A total of 47 (26%) were culture positive for RSV. The overall sensitivities of DFA (n = 149), NOW (n = 118), EZ (n = 88), and DRSV (n = 180) compared with culture (n = 180) were 93, 89, 59, and 77%, respectively. The specificities of DFA, NOW, EZ, and DRSV were 97, 100, 98, and 96%, respectively. However, when results were separated into those from children and those from adults, DFA was the only rapid test adequate for detection of RSV (sensitivity of 100% compared to 0, 0, and 25% for NOW, EZ, and DRSV, respectively) in adults. For children the sensitivities of DFA, NOW, EZ, and DRSV were 93, 94, 72, and 81%. The NOW assay was the most sensitive and specific and the easiest to perform of the kit tests for detecting RSV in children. None of these three rapid kit tests was sensitive for detecting RSV in specimens from adults. DFA remains the rapid method of choice for detecting RSV in the adult population.
Subject(s)
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct , Humans , Immunoassay , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The API 20 Strep system was used to speciate 46 enterococcal isolates with vancomycin MICs between 16-32 microg/mL. All were identified as Enterococcus faecium. Further testing revealed that 42/46 isolates had been identified incorrectly. Enterococci with low-level vancomycin resistance should not be speciated solely with the API 20 Strep system.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Typing Techniques/instrumentation , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Enterococcus/drug effects , Vancomycin Resistance , Bacterial Typing Techniques/standards , Enterococcus/classification , Enterococcus/genetics , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/instrumentation , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Vancomycin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates obtained from patients who were inmates of the San Francisco County jail system showed an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from 29%, in 1997, to 74%, in 2002; 91% of the MRSA isolates carried staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing demonstrated 2 major clonal groups. One of these clonal groups is genetically indistinguishable from the strain responsible for an outbreak of MRSA in the Los Angeles County jail system in 2002.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Methicillin Resistance/genetics , Methicillin/pharmacology , Prisons , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , California/epidemiology , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the risk of bacterial transmission from multiple-use atomizers in an outpatient otolaryngology clinic. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Atomizers in 6 examination rooms were analyzed for bacterial contamination. Sterility of associated tubing from 1 atomizer was assessed. Multidose drug solutions in the atomizers (phenylephrine and tetracaine) were cultured multiple times over a 2-week period. Serial dilutions of the original sample were cultured to minimize inhibitory effects of antiseptic agents in the drug formulations. RESULTS: No bacteria were recovered from tubing cultures. Only 2 (0.6%) of 336 cultures of the drug solutions yielded bacterial growth. In both cases, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was recovered in 1 of the dilutions prepared from original samplings. CONCLUSION: Multiple-use atomizers that contain phenylephrine and tetracaine solutions with bacteriostatic preservatives in an outpatient otolaryngology clinic do not yield significant bacterial growth and, when used as described, do not pose an infectious risk of bacterial transmission between patients.
