Prevalence and associated factors of eating disorder symptoms in adolescents: a cross-sectional school-based study.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and associated factors in adolescents between 14 and 17 years old. METHODS: The data were obtained from a cross-sectional school-based study with 782 adolescents from public schools in Caxias do Sul, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2016. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to investigate eating disorder symptoms. The chi-square test and Poisson regression with robust variance were performed to estimate the prevalence ratios and associations between the outcome and the variables of interest. RESULTS: The prevalence of eating disorder symptoms was around 56.9% among adolescents and more prevalent in females. A significant association was found between eating disorders and female gender, mothers who did not study or had an incomplete elementary school, and body image dissatisfaction. To adolescents dissatisfied with being overweight, the prevalence was more than three times higher than that observed among those who did not report such dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The presence of eating disorder symptoms was associated with female gender, maternal education, and body image dissatisfaction. The results show the need to identify early signs and symptoms related to changes in eating behavior and non-acceptance of their bodies in a population especially concerned with their physical appearance.

Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the GBD-WHO Rehabilitation Database 2019.

Objective: Children with developmental disabilities are associated with a high risk of poor school enrollment and educational attainment without timely and appropriate support. Epidemiological data on cerebral palsy and associated comorbidities required for policy intervention in global health are lacking. This paper set out to report the best available evidence on the global and regional prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) and developmental intellectual disability and the associated "years lived with disability" (YLDs) among children under 5 years of age in 2019. Methods: We analyzed the collaborative 2019 Rehabilitation Database of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study and World Health Organization for neurological and mental disorders available for 204 countries and territories. Point prevalence and YLDs with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) are presented. Results: Globally, 8.1 million (7.1-9.2) or 1.2% of children under 5 years are estimated to have CP with 16.1 million (11.5-21.0) or 2.4% having intellectual disability. Over 98% resided in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). CP and intellectual disability accounted for 6.5% and 4.5% of the aggregate YLDs from all causes of adverse health outcomes respectively. African Region recorded the highest prevalence of CP (1.6%) while South-East Asia Region had the highest prevalence of intellectual disability. The top 10 countries accounted for 57.2% of the global prevalence of CP and 62.0% of the global prevalence of intellectual disability. Conclusion: Based on this Database, CP and intellectual disability are highly prevalent and associated with substantial YLDs among children under 5 years worldwide. Universal early detection and support services are warranted, particularly in LMICs to optimize school readiness for these children toward inclusive education as envisioned by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

Global Burden of Childhood Epilepsy, Intellectual Disability, and Sensory Impairments.

BACKGROUND: Estimates of children and adolescents with disabilities worldwide are needed to inform global intervention under the disability-inclusive provisions of the Sustainable Development Goals. We sought to update the most widely reported estimate of 93 million children <15 years with disabilities from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2004. METHODS: We analyzed Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 data on the prevalence of childhood epilepsy, intellectual disability, and vision or hearing loss and on years lived with disability (YLD) derived from systematic reviews, health surveys, hospital and claims databases, cohort studies, and disease-specific registries. Point estimates of the prevalence and YLD and the 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) around the estimates were assessed. RESULTS: Globally, 291.2 million (11.2%) of the 2.6 billion children and adolescents (95% UI: 249.9-335.4 million) were estimated to have 1 of the 4 specified disabilities in 2017. The prevalence of these disabilities increased with age from 6.1% among children aged <1 year to 13.9% among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. A total of 275.2 million (94.5%) lived in low- and middle-income countries, predominantly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The top 10 countries accounted for 62.3% of all children and adolescents with disabilities. These disabilities accounted for 28.9 million YLD or 19.9% of the overall 145.3 million (95% UI: 106.9-189.7) YLD from all causes among children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The number of children and adolescents with these 4 disabilities is far higher than the 2004 estimate, increases from infancy to adolescence, and accounts for a substantial proportion of all-cause YLD.

Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade e Transtorno de Conduta em adolescentes concluintes do ensino fundamental de Caxias do Sul / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Behavioral Disorder in adolescents who completed elementary education in Caxias do Sul

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é uma das comorbidades neuropsiquiátricas mais comuns entre crianças e adolescentes, e caracteriza-se por sintomas de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. O presente estudo tem por objetivo determinar a prevalência de TDAH em uma amostra de adolescentes na cidade de Caxias do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com uma amostra de 272 escolares. Como instrumento para triagem do TDAH foi utilizada a versão brasileira do questionário Child Behavior Check List. A prevalência de TDAH foi de 3,7 %; nessa amostra também foi avaliada a prevalência do Transtorno de Conduta que foi de 6,2 %. O Transtorno de Conduta se mostrou mais prevalente em escolares com TDAH. (p=0,019). O presente estudo evidenciou que o TDAH é uma patologia comum entre os adolescentes, apresentando importante associação com Transtorno de Conduta.(AU)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is considered one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders among children and adolescents and is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of ADHD in a sample of adolescents in Caxias do Sul. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 272 students. The instrument used for screening ADHD was the Brazilian version of the questionnaire Child Behavior Checklist. The prevalence of ADHD was 3.7%; in this sample we also evaluated the prevalence of Conduct Disorder that was 6.2%. Conduct Disorder was more common in students with ADHD. (p = 0.019). The present study evidenced that ADHD is a common comorbidity in adolescents, presenting an important association with Conduct Disorder.(AU)

Insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes na cidade de Farroupilha, RS / Body image dissatisfaction in adolescents in Farroupilha, RS

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes na cidade de Farroupilha, RS. Métodos: Foram avaliados neste estudo 886 adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 14 anos. Foi utilizada para avaliação a escala de nove silhuetas. Também foi verificada a prevalência em relação ao sexo, idade, exercícios fora do horário escolar e estado nutricional pela circunferência da cintura. Resultados: O estudo apresentou prevalência de insatisfação de 73,6% entre os adolescentes. Os meninos apresentaram menor prevalência em relação às meninas. Conclusão: A prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal estudada é elevada e deve ser motivo de preocupação pela sociedade em questão. Sugerem-se programas que visem à prevenção e promoção da saúde dos adolescentes em idade escolar nos temas avaliados (AU)

Introduction and aim: This study was designed to find the prevalence of dissatisfaction with body image in adolescents in the city of Farroupilha, RS. Methods: This study evaluated 886 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years. The scale of nine silhouettes was used for evaluation. We also checked the prevalence in relation to gender, age, exercise out of school hours, and nutritional status by waist circumference. Results: The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among adolescents was 73.6%. The boys had a lower prevalence than the girls. Conclusion: The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction found here is high and should be cause for concern. Programs should be suggested to prevent and promote the health of school-aged adolescents in the evaluated topics (AU)

Prevalência de sintomas para transtornos alimentares em escolares de 11 a 15 anos da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Nova Petrópolis, RS / Prevalence of symptoms for eating disorders in schoolchildren aged 11 to 15 years of the municipal school system of the city of Nova Petrópolis

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de sintomas para Transtornos Alimentares (TA) em escolares de 11 a 15 anos da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Nova Petrópolis, RS. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 323 escolares (população na faixa etária). Para avaliação dos sintomas para TA, utilizou-se o teste de atitudes alimentares (EAT 26). Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas para TA foi de 21,7%. A insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi de 79,3%. Os escolares insatisfeitos apresentaram quase o triplo de chances de estarem com os sintomas em relação aos satisfeitos. Conclusões: As prevalências de sintomas para TA e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal da população estudada encontram-se elevadas e devem ser motivo de preocupação dos profissionais de saúde (AU)

Aim: To determine the prevalence of symptoms for Eating Disorders (ED) in schoolchildren aged 11 to 15 years of the municipal school system of the city of Nova Petrópolis, RS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 323 schoolchildren (population in the age group). To evaluate for ED symptoms, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT 26) was used. Results: The prevalence of symptoms for ED was 21.7%. Dissatisfaction with body image was 79.3%. The dissatisfied schoolchildren were nearly three times more likely to have symptoms than satisfied ones. Conclusions: The prevalence of symptoms for BP and the dissatisfaction with body image in the studied population are high and should be a matter of concern to health professionals (AU)

Association between the Intron 8 VNTR Polymorphism of the DAT1 Gene and Crack Cocaine Addiction.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare allele and genotype frequencies of a 30-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism of the DAT1 gene, located at intron 8, between adult crack cocaine users and nonaddicted individuals. Due to its involvement in drug addiction, this gene is a good candidate for molecular studies. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 239 current adult crack abusers or dependents from in- and outpatient clinics and 211 control individuals was collected in Brazil. They were evaluated using ASRS, ASI-6, WAIS-III, and MINI assessments. DNA samples extracted from whole blood were genotyped for the intron 8 VNTR in DAT1. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis was performed and controlled for gender, age, ethnicity, educational level, and comorbidities of clinical interest (generalized anxiety disorder, suicide risk, major depressive episode, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder). This analysis showed that the 6R6R genotype was associated with crack cocaine addiction (OR = 1.844; CI = 1.101-3.089; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the role of DAT1 in the neurobiology of drug addiction. Nevertheless, the study of other genes, environmental factors, and their interactions is also important to gain a broader understanding of this condition.

Brazilian study of adaptation and psychometric properties of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents.

The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) evaluates coping patterns of parents of chronically ill children and assesses different coping strategies using three subscales. This study aimed to translate and transculturally adapt the CHIP for a Brazilian sample and investigate the preliminary psychometrics of the scale. Rating scale Rasch analysis was performed on CHIP responses, and the psychometric performance of each of the three subscales was tested. Two hundred twenty parents of individuals with health problems participated in the study, answering a sociodemographic questionnaire-the Brazilian version of the CHIP-and Folkman and Lazarus's coping questionnaire. All items exhibited good fit to the measurement model, although response categories were not used as intended and little variability on person parameter estimates was obtained. These preliminary results suggested that each construct being measured by the three subscales should be treated separately, corroborating the theoretical model of the original instrument. Suggestions to address the psychometric limitations of the instrument were made in order to improve measurement precision.

Brazilian study of adaptation and psychometric properties of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents

Abstract The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) evaluates coping patterns of parents of chronically ill children and assesses different coping strategies using three subscales. This study aimed to translate and transculturally adapt the CHIP for a Brazilian sample and investigate the preliminary psychometrics of the scale. Rating scale Rasch analysis was performed on CHIP responses, and the psychometric performance of each of the three subscales was tested. Two hundred twenty parents of individuals with health problems participated in the study, answering a sociodemographic questionnaire­the Brazilian version of the CHIP­and Folkman and Lazarus's coping questionnaire. All items exhibited good fit to the measurement model, although response categories were not used as intended and little variability on person parameter estimates was obtained. These preliminary results suggested that each construct being measured by the three subscales should be treated separately, corroborating the theoretical model of the original instrument. Suggestions to address the psychometric limitations of the instrument were made in order to improve measurement precision. (AU)

Child development in primary care: a surveillance proposal / Desenvolvimento infantil em atenção primária: uma proposta de vigilância

Abstract Objective: To evaluate a child development surveillance tool proposal to be used in primary care, with simultaneous use of the Denver II scale. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 282 infants aged up to 36 months, enrolled in a public daycare in a countryside community in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Child development was assessed using the surveillance tool and the Denver II scale. Results: The prevalence of probable developmental delay was 53%; most of these cases were in the alert group and 24% had normal development, but with risk factors. At the Denver scale, the prevalence of suspected developmental delay was 32%. When risk factors and sociodemographic variables were assessed, no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: The evaluation of this surveillance tool resulted in objective and comparable data, which were adequate for a screening test. It is easily applicable as a screening tool, even though it was originally designed as a surveillance tool. The inclusion of risk factors to the scoring system is an innovation that allows for the identification of children with suspected delay in addition to developmental milestones, although the definition of parameters and choice of indicators should be thoroughly studied.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar uma proposta de um instrumento de vigilância em desenvolvimento para uso na atenção primária e a aplicação simultânea da escala de Denver II. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 282 crianças até 36 meses da rede pública escolar, numa comunidade do RS. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento infantil com o instrumento de vigilância proposto e o Denver II. Resultados A prevalência de provável atraso no desenvolvimento foi de 53%, a maioria desses na condição de Alerta e 24% com desenvolvimento normal, mas com fatores de risco. No Denver a prevalência foi de 32% com suspeita para o atraso no desenvolvimento. Os fatores de risco e as variáveis sociodemográficas avaliadas não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Conclusão A avaliação desse instrumento de vigilância trouxe dados objetivos e comparativos, nos moldes preconizados para um teste de triagem. É um instrumento de fácil aplicabilidade como triagem, originalmente como vigilância. A inclusão dos fatores de risco no sistema de escore é uma inovação que possibilita o aumento da identificação de crianças com suspeita de atraso além dos marcos do desenvolvimento, ainda que a definição dos parâmetros e da escolha dos indicadores deva ser melhor construída.

Excessive crying in infants / Excessive crying in infants

ABSTRACT Objective: Review the literature on excessive crying in young infants, also known as infantile colic, and its effects on family dynamics, its pathophysiology, and new treatment interventions. Data source: The literature review was carried out in the Medline, PsycINFO, LILACS, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases, using the terms “excessive crying,” and “infantile colic,” as well technical books and technical reports on child development, selecting the most relevant articles on the subject, with emphasis on recent literature published in the last five years. Summary of the findings: Excessive crying is a common symptom in the first 3 months of life and leads to approximately 20% of pediatric consultations. Different prevalence rates of excessive crying have been reported, ranging from 14% to approximately 30% in infants up to 3 months of age. There is evidence linking excessive crying early in life with adaptive problems in the preschool period, as well as with early weaning, maternal anxiety and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioral problems. Several pathophysiological mechanisms can explain these symptoms, such as circadian rhythm alterations, central nervous system immaturity, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota. Several treatment alternatives have been described, including behavioral measures, manipulation techniques, use of medication, and acupuncture, with controversial results and effectiveness. Conclusion: Excessive crying in the early months is a prevalent symptom; the pediatrician's attention is necessary to understand and adequately manage the problem and offer support to exhausted parents. The prescription of drugs of questionable action and with potential side effects is not a recommended treatment, except in extreme situations. The effectiveness of dietary treatments and use of probiotics still require confirmation. There is incomplete evidence regarding alternative treatments such as manipulation techniques, acupuncture, and use of the herbal supplements and behavioral interventions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre choro excessivo em bebês pequenos e cólicas infantis e suas repercussões na família e a fisiopatologia e as estratégias de tratamento. Fonte dos dados: Revisadas as principais bases de dados, Medline, PsycINFO, Lilacs e SciELO e Cochrane Library com o uso das expressões “choro excessivo do lactente” e “cólicas do lactente”. Foram selecionadas as publicações mais relevantes com ênfase nos últimos cinco anos. Síntese dos dados: É um sintoma comum nos primeiros meses de vida e é motivo de cerca de 20% das consultas pediátricas. As prevalências de choro excessivo variam de 14 a 30% nesses lactentes. Existem evidências que ligam o choro excessivo nos primeiros meses de vida com problemas futuros, bem como ao desmame precoce, à ansiedade, à depressão materna, ao transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) e a outros problemas comportamentais. Distintos mecanismos fisiopatológicos podem explicar esse quadro clínico, como alterações no ritmo circadiano, imaturidade do SNC e alterações na microbiota intestinal. São descritas opções de tratamento, desde medidas comportamentais, técnicas manipulativas e uso de medicação até acupuntura, com resultados e eficácia controversos. Conclusão: Para o choro excessivo nos primeiros meses é necessária a atenção do pediatra para o entendimento e manejo do problema e oferecer apoio para pais em exaustão. A prescrição de drogas de efeitos duvidosos e potenciais efeitos colaterais não é terapêutica preconizada, a não ser em situações extremas. A eficácia dos tratamentos dietéticos e o uso de probióticos ainda necessitam de confirmação. Existem evidências incompletas a respeito de tratamentos opcionais, como técnicas manipulativas, acupuntura, uso de suplemento à base de ervas e intervenções comportamentais.

Child development in primary care: a surveillance proposal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a child development surveillance tool proposal to be used in primary care, with simultaneous use of the Denver II scale. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 282 infants aged up to 36 months, enrolled in a public daycare in a countryside community in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Child development was assessed using the surveillance tool and the Denver II scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of probable developmental delay was 53%; most of these cases were in the alert group and 24% had normal development, but with risk factors. At the Denver scale, the prevalence of suspected developmental delay was 32%. When risk factors and sociodemographic variables were assessed, no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of this surveillance tool resulted in objective and comparable data, which were adequate for a screening test. It is easily applicable as a screening tool, even though it was originally designed as a surveillance tool. The inclusion of risk factors to the scoring system is an innovation that allows for the identification of children with suspected delay in addition to developmental milestones, although the definition of parameters and choice of indicators should be thoroughly studied.

Excessive crying in infants.

OBJECTIVE: Review the literature on excessive crying in young infants, also known as infantile colic, and its effects on family dynamics, its pathophysiology, and new treatment interventions. DATA SOURCE: The literature review was carried out in the Medline, PsycINFO, LILACS, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases, using the terms "excessive crying," and "infantile colic," as well technical books and technical reports on child development, selecting the most relevant articles on the subject, with emphasis on recent literature published in the last five years. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Excessive crying is a common symptom in the first 3 months of life and leads to approximately 20% of pediatric consultations. Different prevalence rates of excessive crying have been reported, ranging from 14% to approximately 30% in infants up to 3 months of age. There is evidence linking excessive crying early in life with adaptive problems in the preschool period, as well as with early weaning, maternal anxiety and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioral problems. Several pathophysiological mechanisms can explain these symptoms, such as circadian rhythm alterations, central nervous system immaturity, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota. Several treatment alternatives have been described, including behavioral measures, manipulation techniques, use of medication, and acupuncture, with controversial results and effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Excessive crying in the early months is a prevalent symptom; the pediatrician's attention is necessary to understand and adequately manage the problem and offer support to exhausted parents. The prescription of drugs of questionable action and with potential side effects is not a recommended treatment, except in extreme situations. The effectiveness of dietary treatments and use of probiotics still require confirmation. There is incomplete evidence regarding alternative treatments such as manipulation techniques, acupuncture, and use of the herbal supplements and behavioral interventions.

Crack cocaine users show differences in genotype frequencies of the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3).

BACKGROUND: Due to the mechanism of action of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in drug addiction, the DAT1 gene is a potential candidate for molecular studies. This paper aims to compare the prevalence of allele and genotype frequencies created by the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of this gene between crack cocaine users and controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 237 current adult crack cocaine abusers or dependents (DSM-IV TR criteria) from in- and outpatient clinics in southern Brazil and 205 community controls were compared. The subjects were evaluated using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview - short version, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. DNA samples were genotyped for the DAT1 3' VNTR. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the frequency of the 10.10 genotype (the putative risk genotype) to those of other genotypes. A significant difference (p = 0.04, OR = 1.758, CI = 1.026-3.012) indicating an increased frequency of the 10.10 genotype in the cases (59.9%) compared to the controls (49.3%) was verified using clinical and demographic covariates. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first genetic association studies on crack cocaine users in the literature. The results suggest an influence of the DAT1 gene, namely the 3' VNTR 10.10 genotype. However, more analyses will confirm and clarify its contribution as a possible risk factor for crack cocaine dependence.

Sintomas para transtornos alimentares em escolares da rede pública de São Pedro da Serra, RS / Symptoms for eating disorders in public school students of São Pedro da Serra, RS

INTRODUÇÃO: Em nossa sociedade, o corpo assumiu alvo de obsessão pelas pessoas que driblam barreiras para obter o tão cobiçado corpo perfeito. Este corpo é considerado o nosso primeiro refúgio e, nesse sentido, os transtornos alimentares (TA) podem aparecer como uma das complicações desta busca por um corpo socialmente atraente O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de sintomas para transtornos alimentares (TA) em uma população de escolares da rede pública da cidade de São Pedro da Serra, RS. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com 154 escolares de 11 a 14 anos sendo utilizados quatro instrumentos: teste de atitudes alimentares, a escala de nove silhuetas (imagem corporal), o Kidscape (bullying), peso e altura. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 14,9% de escolares com sintomas para TA, 7,8% de vítimas de bullying 75,3% de escolares insatisfeitos com a imagem corporal e 30,5% de estudantes acima do peso. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo é o primeiro realizado na cidade de São Pedro da Serra avaliando questões relacionadas à saúde de escolares. Conclui-se que as prevalências de sintomas para TA, insatisfação com a IC, excesso de peso e bullying são relevantes e devem servir de alerta para a comunidade da cidade em questão

INTRODUCTION: In our society, the body became a target of obsession among people who circumvent barriers to getting the so coveted perfect body. This body is considered our fi rst refuge, and in this sense, eating disorders (ED) may appear as a complication of this search for a socially attractive body. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms for eating disorders (ED) in a population of public schoolchildren in the city of São Pedro da Serra, RS. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 154 schoolchildren who were 11-14 years old. Four instruments were used: eating attitudes test, the scale of nine silhouettes (body image), the Kidscape (bullying), and weight and height. RESULTS: We found 14.9% of children with symptoms for ED, 7.8% of bullying victims, 75.3% of students dissatisfi ed with their body image, and 30.5% of overweight students. CONCLUSION: This is the fi rst study evaluating health-related issues of schoolchildren in the city of São Pedro da Serra. We concluded that the prevalence of symptoms for ED, dissatisfaction with body image, overweight, and bullying are relevant and should serve as a warning to the local community

Autopercepção de dificuldades escolares em alunos do ensino fundamental e médio em município do Rio Grande do Sul / Self-perception of learning difficulties in students of elementary and high school in a city in Rio Grande do Sul

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a autopercepção de áreas do desenvolvimento infantil que são relevantes no desempenho escolar e podem levar a dificuldades escolares em alunos do ensino fundamental e médio de um município do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como sua associação com repetência, sexo e nível de escolaridade dos pais. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional com 1070 escolares. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva. Os resultados indicaram maior autopercepção de dificuldades escolares no sexo feminino. Também foi observada significância estatística nas correlações entre repetência, nível de escolaridade dos pais dos alunos e sexo. A partir dos resultados foi possível constatar que a autopercepção negativa pode ser determinante no desempenho dos alunos. Investigações sobre o tema são relevantes para o planejamento de intervenções no âmbito escolar.(AU)

This study aimed to investigate the self-perception of learning difficulties in students of elementary and high school in a city in Rio Grande do Sul, as well as its association with repetition, gender and level of parental education. Cross-sectional population-based study comprising 1070 students. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results indicated a higher perception of learning difficulties in women. Significance was also observed in correlations between repetition, parents education level and students gender. From the results it can be concluded that research on this issue are relevant for planning interventions in the school setting. Negative self-perception can be determinant in student performance.(AU)

Automedicação e comportamento entre adolescentes em uma cidade do Rio Grande do Sul / Self-medication and behavior in adolescents from a city in Rio Grande do Sul

OBJETIVO: Estudar o consumo de medicamentos e associações com variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais, bem como, os fármacos mais utilizados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com escolares a partir da 5ª série. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário com variáveis sociodemográficos e comportamentais, e a análise realizada utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: 11,9% utilizavam regularmente medicamentos. 35,9% utilizaram medicação na semana anterior à aplicação do questionário, nos dois grupos tinha predomínio de meninas e consumo maior de álcool, seguido de drogas ilícitas e tabaco. CONCLUSÕES: A automedicação mostrou-se prevalente nas meninas maiores de 16 anos. Observou-se relação familiar quanto à indicação da mesma. Existem relações significativas quando se associa automedicação com álcool e drogas. O grupo de uso regular apresenta nível de escolaridade superior dos alunos e dos pais. Anti-histamínicos e medicações para doenças respiratórias foram mais utilizados regularmente, enquanto analgésicos, anti-inflamatórios e antitérmicos foram mais utilizados no recordatório da última semana.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To study the consumption of drugs and associations with socio-demographic and behavioral variables, as well as, the most frequently used drugs. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with students from the 5th grade. Data were collected through a questionnaire with demographic and behavioral variables, the analysis was done by SPSS 18.0 and Chi - square test. RESULTS: 11.9 % used drugs regularly. 35.9 % used medication in the previous week to the questionaire in both groups had a predominance of girls and higher alcohol consumption, followed by illicit drugs and tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Self-medication was found to be prevalent among girls with 16 years old. In observed family relationship as the indication of the same. There are significant positive associations with self-medication with alcohol and drugs abuse. Students and their families with regular use has higher education in comparison with the other group. Antihistamines and drugs for respiratory diseases were used more regularly, but analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic were more prevalente in the last week recordatory.(AU)

Prevalence and characteristics of victims and perpetrators of bullying.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bullying (victims and perpetrators) in a representative sample of sixth graders from schools located in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil and to determine possible associations with maternal education, socioeconomic level, sedentary habits, nutritional status, dissatisfaction with body image, gender, and age. METHODS: This was a school-based epidemiological study. The target population consisted of sixth graders (11-14 years). A self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of weight and height were used for the assessment of nutritional status. Bullying was assessed through the Kidscape questionnaire, and body image through the Body Shape Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. RESULTS: 1,230 schoolchildren were evaluated, and the prevalences of victims and perpetrators of bullying were 10.2% and 7.1%, respectively. Those dissatisfied with their body image were three times more likely to be victims of bullying (PR=3.24; CI=1.99- 5.28), and almost twice as likely to be aggressors (PR=1.98; CI=1.53-3.73) than those who were satisfied. Schoolchildren with sedentary habits (more than three hours a day) were 55% more likely to be victims of bullying (PR=1.55; CI=1.01- 2.36) and more than twice as likely (PR=2.42; CI=1.47-3.97) to be aggressors. Boys were more than twice as likely (PR=2.45; CI=1.42-4.24) to be aggressors. CONCLUSIONS: Body image and sedentary habits were associated with victims and perpetrators, and male gender was more prevalent among the perpetrators of bullying.

[Prevalence of abdominal obesity and excess fat in students of a city in the mountains of southern Brazil]. / Prevalência de obesidade abdominal e excesso de gordura em escolares de uma cidade serrana no sul do Brasil.

Obesity is considered the most important nutritional disorder due to a rapid increase in its prevalence in recent years. The scope of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abdominal obesity and excess fat in students aged 11 to 14 (boys and girls) from a town in the mountains of southern Brazil, and to verify the possible associations with economic classification, gender, age, eating habits, lifestyle habits (physical activity and sedentary activities) and dissatisfaction with body image. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1230 students. The anthropometric variables studied were the waist circumference and the skin folds of the triceps and calf. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted between the independent variables and the outcome. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and excess body fat were 28.7% and 40.1% respectively. There was a statistically significant association between a greater number of meals and dissatisfaction with body image and abdominal obesity, which was also associated with girls evaluated, and to excess body fat. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and excess body fat are high and justify the implementation of health actions in schools.