Adipose-derived stromal cells--their utility and potential in bone formation.

Many organs contain connective tissue or stromal cells and these cells play important roles in growth, development and tissue repair. Subcutaneous adipose tissue represents an accessible reservoir for the isolation of human stromal cells. Ex vivo, the adipose tissue-derived human stromal cells can be expanded more than 100-fold. These primary cultures respond to adipogenic agonists by accumulating lipid and expressing adipocyte specific proteins, including leptin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). In contrast, when the adipose tissue-derived stromal cells are exposed to osteogenic factors, they display osteoblastic gene markers and mineralize their extracellular matrix. This work demonstrates that subcutaneous adipose tissue is a readily available source of multipotential stromal cells. It is possible that these cells will be used clinically to treat a broad range of orthopedic, rheumatologic and periodontal disorders.

LAC9 DNA-binding domain coordinates two zinc atoms per monomer and contacts DNA as a dimer.

The LAC9 protein of Kluyveromyces lactis activates transcription by binding to upstream activating sequences lying in front of genes of the lactose-galactose regulon. LAC9 belongs to a family of fungal proteins having a conserved domain containing 6 cysteines. This domain, termed a C6 zinc finger, is thought to bind one zinc atom and to play a vital role in DNA binding. To further characterize the DNA-binding domain of LAC9, we have developed a procedure to produce and to purify milligram amounts of LAC9 peptides. The two larger peptides, one containing amino acids 1-228 and the other containing amino acids 85-228, formed dimers in solution and bound DNA specifically as a dimer. The smallest LAC9 peptide, amino acids 85-160, failed to dimerize and did not bind DNA. Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that each LAC9 monomer coordinated two zinc atoms, not one, as had been predicted. This result suggests, as does previously published data, that the C6 zinc finger domain has a unique conformation that may represent a new type of DNA-binding motif.