Ultrasonic vocalization ratios reflect the influence of motivational state and amygdala lesions on different types of taste avoidance learning.

Consumption of a sweet solution (the CS) and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by rats were recorded in a conditioned taste avoidance paradigm. The rats' affective states were inferred from a ratio of high to low-frequency ultrasonic calls, which have been associated with positive and negative affect, respectively. The interacting effects of deprivation state and lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) on CS consumption and affective state were examined. Rats were trained during the light phase while either 23 h or 3h water deprived by exposing them to the CS and then injecting them with LiCl or saline. They were tested by re-exposing them to the CS while either 23 or 3h deprived. Sham-lesioned rats that received LiCl injections consumed significantly less of the CS and evidenced relatively negative affect (inferred from the USV ratio) compared to control rats that received saline injections, regardless of the deprivation state in which they were trained or tested. Rats with BLA lesions trained while 23 h deprived failed to exhibit either reduced consumption or negative affect, regardless of whether they were tested while deprived for 23 or 3h. Identical lesions had no effect on reduced consumption or on negative affect in rats trained while 3h deprived, regardless of whether they were tested while deprived for 3 or 23 h. The findings suggest that both reduced consumption and negative affect are the results of different learning processes in deprived (23 h) and nearly satiated (3h, during the light phase) rats. The amygdala-dependent negative affective shift observed in deprived rats may be due to an aversive Pavlovian conditioned response that acts to suppress drinking. The amygdala-independent negative affective response and reduced consumption in nearly satiated rats could be due to a form of latent learning of a stimulus-outcome association.

Prolonged rewarding stimulation of the rat medial forebrain bundle: neurochemical and behavioral consequences.

Extracellular dopamine levels were measured in the rat nucleus accumbens by means of in vivo microdialysis. Delivery of rewarding medial forebrain bundle stimulation at a low rate (5 trains/min) produced a sustained elevation of dopamine levels, regardless of whether train onset was predictable. When the rate of train delivery was increased to 40 trains/min, dopamine levels rose rapidly during the first 40 min but then declined toward the baseline range. The rewarding impact of the stimulation was reduced following prior delivery of stimulation at the high, but not the low, rate. These results support the idea that dopamine tone plays an enabling role in brain stimulation reward and is elevated similarly by predictable and unpredictable stimulation.

Learning the morphine conditioned cue preference: cue configuration determines effects of lesions.

The morphine conditioned cue preference was investigated using two different apparatus configurations. In one configuration, with a clear Plexiglas partition separating the drug-paired and unpaired compartments, rats could see the cues in both compartments while in either one. In the other configuration, with an opaque wood partition separating the two compartments, rats could see the cues in only one compartment at a time. The experiment had three phases: a session of pre-exposure to the entire apparatus; four 2-day training trials during each of which rats received pairings of 5 mg/Kg morphine sulphate with one compartment and saline with the other (compartments and order counterbalanced), and a test session in which the undrugged rats moved freely between the compartments while the time spent in each was measured. Four groups of rats were trained using the opaque partition in all three phases. Normal rats and rats with amygdala or nucleus accumbens lesions exhibited preferences for their morphine-paired compartments; rats with fimbria-fornix lesions had no preferences. Four additional groups were trained using the clear partition during pre-exposure, the opaque partition during training and the clear partition during testing. Normal rats and rats with fimbria-fornix lesions exhibited preferences, rats with amygdala or nucleus accumbens lesions had no preferences. This interaction between lesioned structures and the apparatus configuration is accounted for by the idea that different types of learning produced the preference for morphine-paired cues in the two apparatus configurations. Each type was learned in a different memory system and so was impaired by different lesions. These findings contribute to understanding the nature of the learning processes that produce the morphine CCP.