Effect of acute and chronic liver diseases on the thyroid function in children.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones modulate hepatic function through regulation of basal metabolic rate in addition; the liver metabolizes the thyroid hormones and regulates their endocrine effects. OBJECTIVES: To assess thyroid functions in children with acute and chronic liver diseases. METHODS: 85 studied children were divided into 4 groups; group 1 (20 children) with acute hepatitis (AH), group 2 (20 children) chronic liver disease1 (CLD1; relatively preserved liver functions including Child-Pugh stage A), group 3 (20 children) chronic liver disease2 (CLD2; includes Child-Pugh stage B or C), group 4 (25 children) controls. All groups were subjected to detailed history, physical examination, Complete blood count, liver, renal function tests, viral markers, and thyroid functions (FT3, FT4, TSH). RESULTS: Free T3 levels were lower in children with AH, CLD1 and CLD2. There was significant increase in TSH serum levels in CLD2.In acute hepatitis a negative correlation between serum free T4 and AST (r = -0.991), positive correlation between serum TSH and AST, VLDL, and cholesterol levels (r= 0.503, 0.533 and 0.498). A positive correlation between free T3 levels and prothrombin concentration (r= 0.991). Negative correlations between free T3 levels and PT, serum bilirubin and LDL serum levels in children with CLD2 (r= -0.992) (r= -0.902) and (r= -0.946) CONCLUSION: Acute and chronic liver diseases affect thyroid function in children and is correlated with the disease severity.

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients from egypt with or without hepatitis C virus infection.

BACKGROUND: While prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) who are undergoing dialysis has decreased significantly during the past few decades, it still remains a distinct clinical problem. The immunosuppressive nature of renal disease often leads to chronicity of the HBV infection and an opportunity for nosocomial spread of the infection among dialysis patients. Egypt is among the countries with intermediate endemicity of HBsAg (range, 2%-7%). Large-scale geographic heterogeneity in HBV prevalence has been reported worldwide and HBV prevalence is especially heterogeneous in Egypt. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) in hemodialysis patients with or without chronic hepatitis C (HCV) from Minia and Assuit, Upper Egypt, using HBV DNA assays. PATIENT AND METHODS: Sera from 145 hemodialysis patients with negative HbsAg were investigated for HBV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Only serum samples with repeatedly detectable HBV DNA were considered positive. Patients were divided into 2 groups: HCV RNA positive and HCV RNA negative, based on the results of a third generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-HCV test and HCV RNA PCR. RESULTS: HBV DNA was detected in 6 of the 145 patients (4.1%) and HBcAb was detected in 29/145 patients (20%). There were no statistically significant differences in the age, duration of hemodialysis, biochemical parameters, serological markers of HBV, or HBV DNA between patients with and without HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Four percent of the hemodialysis patients had OBI. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of OBI between hemodialysis patients with or without HCV co-infection.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and B among blood donors in Egypt: Minya Governorate, 2000-2008.

It is an interesting issue to study the prevalence of hepatitis C and B viruses in Egypt in the last decade. In this study, the overall hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis C virus prevalence were 1.65% and 9.02%, respectively. Antibody to hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence estimates dropped from 11.06% to 6.3% (P = .001) and 1.24% to 1.17% (P = .2), respectively.

Insulin resistance predicts rapid virologic response to peginterferon/ribavirin combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 4 patients.

OBJECTIVES: In patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) of genotype 4, the predictors of rapid virologic response (RVR) have not been determined adequately. We aimed to assess which pretreatment variables might predict an RVR and a sustained virologic response (SVR). METHODS: A total of 131 non-diabetic, genotype 4 CHC patients were enrolled for analysis and treated with peginterferon-alpha-2b/ribavirin. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR). Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA levels were measured at baseline, during therapy and at follow-up. RESULTS: The overall SVR rate was 60.3%. The SVR rate in patients with an RVR was 100%. Age, HOMA-IR, fibrosis, severity of the steatosis, and HCV viral load were all significantly associated with RVR in the univariate analysis. After logistic regression, both HOMA-IR (odds ratio: 0.12, P=0.002) and HCV viral load (odds ratio: 1.43, P=0.02) remained independent variables associated with RVR. Age, HOMA-IR, viral load, fibrosis, RVR, and "complete" early virological response were all significantly associated with SVR in the univariate analysis. After logistic regression, fibrosis (odds ratio: 5.23, P=0.007), HOMA-IR (odds ratio: 14.29, P=0.004), and viral load (odds ratio: 0.16, P=0.005) were independent factors associated with SVR. By linear regression, body mass index (P=0.001) and waist circumference (P=0.0003) were independently associated with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS: IR is a major determinant of both RVR and SVR in genotype 4 CHC patients. HOMA-IR would seem to be a useful tool for predicting the response to therapy.

Hepatic steatosis in genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C patients: implication for therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The association of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-4) with hepatic steatosis has not been clarified. We aimed to determine the parameters associated with steatosis among HCV-4 patients and to assess the effect of steatosis on treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin. METHODS: In a prospective study; 131 nondiabetic genotype 4 CHC patients were enrolled for analysis, treated with peginterferon-α-2b/ribavirin. Histopathologic, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical features, and insulin resistance (IR) estimated by the homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Hepatic steatosis was present in 58 patients (44.2%); 62% of them experienced mild steatosis. In univariable analysis, steatosis was associated with HOMA-IR, body mass index, waist circumference, serum triglycerides, cholesterol level, systolic hypertension, and histologic scores for inflammation and fibrosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that body mass index, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR were found to be significantly associated with steatosis. IR but not steatosis was associated with a lower rate of sustained virologic response when adjusted for known factors that predict response (odds ratio: 0.16, 95% CI 0.046-0.59, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In HCV-4 patients, the prevalence of steatosis was 44.2%; the majority (62%) has mild steatosis. Steatosis was significantly associated with metabolic factors. IR but not steatosis was independently associated with lower sustained virologic response.

Pioglitazone improves virological response to peginterferon alpha-2b/ribavirin combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 4 patients with insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Insulin resistance (IR) affects sustained virological response (SVR). The use of insulin-sensitizing agents has been proposed to improve therapy outcome. The safety and efficacy of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and SVR in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 4 with IR receiving standard antiviral therapy were evaluated in a randomized-controlled study. METHODS: Ninety-seven previously untreated patients with CHC and IR [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA>2)] were randomly assigned into two arms; (arm A; n=48) were given pioglitazone 30 mg/day combined with peginterferon (Peg-IFN)-alpha-2b/ribavirin (RBV) for 48 weeks, and (arm B; n=49) were given standard of care (Peg-IFN-alpha-2b/RBV for 48 weeks); HOMA index and hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA) levels were measured at baseline, during therapy and follow-up. Treatment was stopped in patients without an early virological response or those who were HCV RNA positive at 24 weeks. RESULTS: Baseline data of both groups were comparable, with no significant statistical differences. The percentages of rapid virological response (RVR) and SVR were significantly higher in patients given triple therapy compared with standard of care (27.08 vs. 6.1%; P=0.006 and 60.4 vs. 38.7%; P=0.04 respectively); patients in arm A showed a greater decrease in the HOMA index than those in arm B (-1.8 +/- 0.3, -2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. -1.1 +/- 0.6, -1.3 +/- 0.7) at week 24 and at the end of follow-up (P=0.001 at both time points). The triple therapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of pioglitazone, Peg-IFN-alpha-2b and ribavirin increased RVR, SVR and decreased IR, compared with patients given Peg-IFN plus ribavirin without an increase in adverse events.