Optimal Facial Feature Based Emotional Recognition Using Deep Learning Algorithm.

Humans have traditionally found it simple to identify emotions from facial expressions, but it is far more difficult for a computer system to do the same. The social signal processing subfield of emotion recognition from facial expression is used in a wide range of contexts, particularly for human-computer interaction. Automatic emotion recognition has been the subject of numerous studies, most of which use a machine learning methodology. The recognition of simple emotions like anger, happiness, contempt, fear, sadness, and surprise, however, continues to be a difficult topic in computer vision. Deep learning has recently drawn increased attention as a solution to a variety of practical issues, including emotion recognition. In this study, we improved the convolutional neural network technique to identify 7 fundamental emotions and evaluated several preprocessing techniques to demonstrate how they affected the CNN performance. This research focuses on improving facial features and expressions based on emotional recognition. By identifying or recognising facial expressions that elicit human responses, it is possible for computers to make more accurate predictions about a person's mental state and to provide more tailored responses. As a result, we examine how a deep learning technique that employs a convolutional neural network might improve the detection of emotions based on facial features (CNN). Multiple facial expressions are included in our dataset, which consists of about 32,298 photos for testing and training. The preprocessing system aids in removing noise from the input image, and the pretraining phase aids in revealing face detection after noise removal, including feature extraction. As a result, the existing paper generates the classification of multiple facial reactions like the seven emotions of the facial acting coding system (FACS) without using the optimization technique, but our proposed paper reveals the same seven emotions of the facial acting coding system.

The ecological characteristics of Anopheles mosquitoes associated with low malaria transmission in Siwa oasis, Egypt.

The ecology of Anopheles sergentii and An. multicolor was investigated over eight months to examine the entomological factors maintaining the low Plasmodium vivax transmission in Siwa oasis. The two species were encountered as larvae while the dominant species, Anopheles sergentii was also collected as adults. Breeding sites were characterized for the two species in six localities. Larvae of both species were common during June and November. In Bahi El Din as an indicator village with a higher endemicity, An. sergentii females were endophilic but more common inside animal sheds than in houses, attracted more to donkey-baited traps than to human hosts, more endophagic as human biters and were more common in May/June and November. Female survivorship was higher in November than in the other months. Vector potential of An. sergentii was predicted and revealed that the species characteristics (low human contact, short survival and zoophilic feeding behavior) are responsible for maintaining such low and unstable malaria in Siwa oasis.

Comparison of the life table characteristics of Anopheles sergentii (Diptera: Culicidae) from two malarious areas in Egypt.

Life table characteristics were examined for the malaria vector, An. serenti from two Faiyum villages: Tersa (T) and El Nazlah (N) from Siwa oasis (Sw) under constant laboratory conditions at 25 degrees C and 70% RH. Females of T, N and Sw completed 4, 5, and 2 gonotrophic cycles (gc) respectively. The first gc required a significantly longer period (p<0.05) than the subsequent ones. Development times for Sw immatures were longer (p<0.05) than for the other colonies. Life expectancies at emergence for males of the 3 colonies were significantly shorter than for their respective females. Generation time was shorter (p<0.05) for T (mean = 31.15 days) than for Sw (37.81 days) or N (43.64 days) colonies. The birth rate of Sw colony (mean = 0.33 female female/female) was significantly higher (p

Selection for fenitrothion--resistance in Culex pipiens L larvae (Diptera: Culicidae).

Laboratory selection of Culex pipiens larvae by fenitrothion pressure for 24 generations resulted in 25.67 fold increase in resistance to this compound. Adults resulted from the selected larvae also acquired resistance (32.3 fold) to fenitrothion. Stability of resistance was tested and indicated that regression in resistance only occurred at lower level that regression in resistance only occurred at lower level of selection. Cross resistance to malathion and DLD slightly increased by 2.1-fold and 1.25-fold respectively that may be manifestations of vigour tolerance. It is considered that the positive results obtained here increase the probability of development of such resistance in the field. However, results of cross-resistance are encouraging as they indicate that eventual development of resistance to fenitrothion does not preclude the use of other insecticides against the resistant population.

The mode of inheritance of fenitrothion resistance in Culex pipiens L. larvae (Diptera:Culicidae).

The genetics of fenitrothion resistance in Cx. pipiens larvae was studied to determine its mode of inheritance. A laboratory susceptible and fenitrothion-resistant larval strains were used. Reciprocal crosses between the resistant and susceptible strains showed an F1 generation of partial dominance with slight cytoplasmic effect. The F2 generation underwent segregation into three genotypes, viz. susceptible, hybrid and resistant in the ratio of 1:2:1. The progenies of backcrosses to resistant and susceptible parents were in a 1:1 ratio of the same phenotypes as the parents and hybrids involved. After selection, the progeny of the back-crosses to resistant parent exhibited full resistance. It is concluded that fenitrothion resistance in Cx. pipiens larvae is due to monofactorial inheritance with partial dominance and slight cytoplasmic effect.

Dopamine and octopamine in whole body extracts of the bulb mite.

Using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, whole body extracts of the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin), were found to contain the biogenic amines dopamine and octopamine at concentrations of 4.3 +/- 0.6 and 2.3 +/- 1.4 ng g-1 wet weight, respectively. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, tyramine, N-methyldopamine, N-acetyldopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine, if present, were below the limits of detectability. This is the initial demonstration of the presence of octopamine in a mite species.

Radiographic spectrum of rectocolonic calcification from schistosomiasis.

Rectocolonic calcification was detected radiographically in 17 sites in 14 patients undergoing excretory urography for the assessment of urinary schistosomiasis. The right colon was involved in 11 sites, the rectum in four, and the left colon in two. The pattern of calcification varied according to the degree of bowel distension. A laminar pattern was common to all sites and occurred when the rectum or colon was distended with air, feces, or barium. A laminar or irregular amorphous density was found in the empty colon, whereas the calcified, empty rectum had a corrugated pattern. Rectocolonic calcification is probably the most common radiographic manifestation of schistosomal infestation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Trophic specificity of the gustatory fibers upon taste bud regeneration.

24 adult dogs were classified into six groups; in 2 animals of each group the lingual nerve was transected distal to the point of entry of the chorda tympani and its proximal end was sutured to the distal end of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the other 2 animals transtympanic chorda tympani neurectomy was performed before suturing the lingual and glossopharyngeal nerves. Invasion of the papillae by regenerating fibers from the 8th postoperative week onwards was followed by reappearance of taste buds only in lingual glossopharyngeal anastomosis with intact chorda tympani. The difference in number of taste buds, size and number of constituent cells between the two operative procedures was statistically significant from the 8th week onwards. The significance of these findings was discussed.

Histological and histochemical study on the development of foliate papillae in guinea pigs.

The present work was carried out to study the development of foliate papillae in guinea pigs and the associated changes in the activity of true cholinesterase enzyme. Histological and histochemical differentiation were found to start in the early intrauterine life and were completed before birth. The activity for the true cholinesterase enzyme was detected as early as the 22nd day of gestation while histological differentiation started 2-3 days later. The findings obtained and their possible significance were discussed.

Effect of indomethacin on the histological structure and cholinesterase activity of taste buds.

The present work was undertaken to study the effect of indomethacin on the histological structure and cholinesterase activity of taste buds. 16 adult rabbits were divided into four groups; 2 animals of each group were given a daily oral dose of indomethacin and the other 2 animals were used as controls. The animals were sacrificed at 7, 12, 17 and 30 days, respectively. The areas containing circumvallate and foliate papillae were excised for the study of their histological structure and cholinesterase activity. Administration of indomethacin was followed by a decrease in cholinesterase activity and a shrinkage of the reactive zones of the perigemmal, intragemmal and subgemmal plexuses; the cholinesterase activity eventually disappeared on the 17th day. On the 30th day, it reappeared in the above-mentioned sites. The taste buds did not show any degenerative changes and were similar to those of the controls. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Effect of vincristine on the histological structure of taste buds.

10 adult rabbits were arranged in five batches, 2 animals of nearly the same body weight in each group. 1 animal in each group was injected with vincristine sulfate whereas the other animal was similarly injected with the dissolving medium and used as a control. The animals were sacrificed 2 days after the last injection, and the areas containing the circumvallate and foliate papillae were examined. Injection of vincristine was followed by a decrease in number and in cell contents of vallate and foliate taste buds. Most of the taste buds which persisted after vincristine injection were full of necrotic debris which represented the remnants of degenerated cells. Possible reasons for degeneration of taste buds after vincristine injections were put forewards.

Myelination and cholinesterase activity of chick embryo spinal cord.

This work was undertaken to study the myelination and cholinesterase activity of the developing white matter of chick embryo spinal cord from the 6th day of incubation until hatching. Myelination of the white matter was always preceeded by the aggregation of neuroglial cells. The sequence of myelination in the cervical and thoracic segments was from before backwards, whereas in the lumbosacral segments it was from behind forewards. Myelination of the ventral column extended craniocaudally, whereas in the posterior column is extended caudocranially. True cholinesterase activity was encountered in the spinal white matter only before and during the process of myelination and was closely associated with the sites of neuroglial aggregations. No pseudocholinesterase activity could be seen in the white matter before myelination. However, during the period of active myelination, enzymatic activity was seen only at the sites of formed myelin and after myelination of all tracts; the whole white matter reacted positive for the enzyme. The significance of these findings is discussed.