Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: Insights into clinical efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and adherence challenges.

Insulin therapy plays a crucial role in the management of type 2 diabetes as the disease progresses. Over the past century, insulin formulations have undergone significant modifications and bioengineering, resulting in a diverse range of available insulin products. These products show distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Consequently, various insulin regimens have em-erged for the management of type 2 diabetes, including premixed formulations and combinations of basal and bolus insulins. The utilization of different insulin regimens yields disparate clinical outcomes, adverse events, and, notably, patient-reported outcomes (PROs). PROs provide valuable insights from the patient's perspective, serving as a valuable mine of information for enhancing healthcare and informing clinical decisions. Adherence to insulin therapy, a critical patient-reported outcome, significantly affects clinical outcomes and is influenced by multiple factors. This review provides insights into the clinical effectiveness of various insulin preparations, PROs, and factors impacting insulin therapy adherence, with the aim of enhancing healthcare practices and informing clinical decisions for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of pubic hair grooming on women's sexual health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pubic hair grooming involves the partial or complete removal of pubic hair, and it is a common practice among men and women. Grooming is more prevalent in women, who employ various methods such as shaving, waxing and laser removal. However, it is associated with variable rates of post-grooming adverse outcomes including lacerations and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing women's sexual health outcomes between those who groom and those who don't. METHODS: We followed the MOOSE guidelines and conducted a computerized-based search using (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid Medline), till June 20th, 2022, for eligible studies using the relevant keywords; (pubic hair grooming) OR (pubic hair removal OR Genital hairless OR Bikini hair removal OR pubic hair depilation). Cross-sectional studies included which compared grooming practices among women in terms of motivation and health outcomes. Women's satisfaction and incidence of STIs were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-Two cross-sectional studies were included in our review with 73,091 participant.The odds of having gram-negative gonorrheal and chlamydial infection in Pubic hair groomers were found to be statistically significant (OR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.31, 1.84], P < 0.001) (OR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.32, 1.85], P < 0.001] respectively. There was no difference between groomer and non-groomer women regarding viral infections such as genital herpes (OR = 1.40, 95% CI [0.56, 3.50], P = 0.47) and Condyloma acuminata (OR = 1.75, 95% CI [0.51, 6.01], P = 0.37). The most common grooming side effect is genital itching (prevalence = 26.9%, P < 0.001). Non-electrical razor (prevalence = 69.3%, P < 0.001) is the most common grooming method. White women (prevalence = 80.2%, P < 0.001) remove pubic hair more frequently compared to black women (prevalence = 12.2%, P < 0.001). Women practice complete grooming (50.3%, P < 0.001) of the pubic hair more frequently than partial grooming (33.1%, P < 0.001). There are no differences in women's satisfaction between the two groups (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40], P = 0.39). CONCLUSION: This review aligns with previous observational studies regarding sexual health outcomes of pubic hair grooming. There is a need to raise awareness among women regarding the safe practice of pubic hair grooming, emphasizing the clarification of hazards and benefits.

Association of genetic and epigenetic changes of insulin like growth factor binding protein-1 in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the global health threat. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with life-threatening complications. This work, aimed to study the association between T2DM and IGFBP-1 gene methylation, gene polymorphism and serum levels of IGFBP-1. METHOD: We included 100 subjects with T2DM and 100 control. DNA methylation of IGFBP-1 was analyzed using pyrosequencing, IGFBP-1 gene polymorphism was analyzed using real time polymerase chain reaction and serum level of IGFBP-1 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: There was DNA hyper methylation levels of IGFBP1 gene at each of the six CpG sites in T2DM patients than control (P < 0.001). IGFBP-1 gene polymorphism (rs 2854843) CC pattern was significantly associated with DM, P = 0.002. Also, there was decrease in serum IGFBP-1 in patients with T2DM than control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We concluded that DNA hyper methylation of IGFBP-1 gene and CC polymorphism (rs 2854843) of IGFBP-1 gene are associated with T2DM in Egyptian patients, also, decrease serum level of IGFBP-1. Further cohort study is recommended with large sample size to detect which one, epigenetic changes or polymorphism of IGFBP-1 gene, is the cause of T2DM or even both.

COVID-19 pandemic fatigue among well-educated egyptian population: Cross-sectional study.

Aim: The study explores the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic fatigue among well-educated Egyptians measured in terms of their level of adherence toward COVID-19 protective measures along 20 months since the beginning of the pandemic. Setting and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2021, using an online questionnaire for well-educated Egyptians in different governorates. Results: A total of 888 participants completed the questionnaire, their mean age was 39 ± 7.2 years and 60% of them were females. There was a strong association between the presence of either behavioral risk factors or chronic conditions and % of infection. The main sources of COVID-19 information were social media, followed by the Egyptian Ministry of health and population and WHO websites. A pandemic fatigue was observed after nearly 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence. The participant's age, previous COVID-19 infection, and occupation status were significant predictors for adherence to COVID-19 protective measures. The participants claimed that difficulty in remaining at home, feeling uncomfortable with face masks, the high cost of protective supplies, absence of governmental enforcement, and forgetfulness are the most perceptive barriers hindering their adherence to COVID-19 protective measures. They suggested some strategies for better adherence and reduced pandemic fatigue that includes: the implementation of governmental enforcement measures, including penalties for nonwearing masks, educational health programs, and availability of free protective supplies at the workplace. Conclusions: Pandemic fatigue was observed after 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence even though the high education level of the participants.

Résumé Objectif: L'étude explore l'émergence de la fatigue liée à la pandémie de COVID-19 chez les Égyptiens bien éduqués, mesurée en termes de niveau de respect des mesures de protection contre la COVID-19 pendant 20 mois depuis le début de la pandémie. Cadre et conception: Une coupe transversal étude a été menée en octobre 2021, à l'aide d'un questionnaire en ligne destiné aux Égyptiens bien éduqués dans différents gouvernorats. Résultats: Un total des 888 participants ont rempli le questionnaire, leur âge moyen était de 39 ± 7,2 ans et 60 % d'entre eux étaient des femmes. Il y avait une forte association entre la présence de facteurs de risque comportementaux ou de maladies chroniques et le % d'infection. Les principales sources de COVID-19 les informations étaient les médias sociaux, suivis des sites Web du ministère égyptien de la santé et de la population et de l'OMS. Une fatigue pandémique a été observée près de 7 à 10 mois après l'émergence de la pandémie. L'âge du participant, sa précédente infection à la COVID-19 et son statut professionnel étaient des prédicteurs significatifs du respect des mesures de protection contre la COVID-19. Les participants ont affirmé que la difficulté à rester à la maison, se sentir mal à l'aise avec les masques faciaux, le coût élevé des fournitures de protection, l'absence d'application gouvernementale et l'oubli sont les barrières les plus perceptibles entravant leur adhésion aux mesures de protection contre la COVID-19. Ils ont suggéré quelques stratégies pour une meilleure adhesion et réduction de la fatigue pandémique qui comprend : la mise en œuvre de mesures d'application gouvernementales, y compris des sanctions pour non-port masques, programmes de santé éducatifs et disponibilité de fournitures de protection gratuites sur le lieu de travail. Conclusions: Une fatigue pandémique a été observée 7 à 10 mois après l'émergence de la pandémie même si le haut niveau d'éducation des participants. Mots-clés: COVID-19, Égyptiens, fatigue pandémique.

COVID­19 pandemic fatigue among well­educated Egyptian population: cross­sectional study

Aim: The study explores the emergence of COVID 19 pandemic fatigue among well educated Egyptians measured in terms of their level of adherence toward COVID 19 protective measures along 20 months since the beginning of the pandemic. Setting and Design: A cross sectional study was conducted in October 2021, using an online questionnaire for well educated Egyptians in different governorates. Results: A total of 888 participants completed the questionnaire, their mean age was 39 ± 7.2 years and 60% of them were females. There was a strong association between the presence of either behavioral risk factors or chronic conditions and % of infection. The main sources of COVID 19 information were social media, followed by the Egyptian Ministry of health and population and WHO websites. A pandemic fatigue was observed after nearly 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence. The participant's age, previous COVID 19 infection, and occupation status were significant predictors for adherence to COVID 19 protective measures. The participants claimed that difficulty in remaining at home, feeling uncomfortable with face masks, the high cost of protective supplies, absence of governmental enforcement, and forgetfulness are the most perceptive barriers hindering their adherence to COVID 19 protective measures. They suggested some strategies for better adherence and reduced pandemic fatigue that includes: the implementation of governmental enforcement measures, including penalties for nonwearing masks, educational health programs, and availability of free protective supplies at the workplace. Conclusions: Pandemic fatigue was observed after 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence even though the high education level of the participants

Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease scale in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory condition that causing disability and affection of patient's quality of life (QoL). Self-efficacy investigation helps us to detect the requirements of chronically affected patients and evaluation of self-care management programs. The aim of our study was to test validity and reliability of Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (SEMCD-Arabic) in RA patients. METHOD: This study included 248 RA patients, carried out at Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department. The SEMCD-Arabic Validity was assessed by correlating the SEMCD-Arabic scale with the validated Arabic version of the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire HAQ (MHAQ), the Arabic version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) scale, and the Arabic version of Short Form 36 version 2 for quality of life (SF QoL). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability was assessed. RESULTS: Convergent validity was confirmed by a positive correlation between (physical, mental) component of SF QoL and SEMCD-Arabic (r = 0.918, r = 0.925) respectively, and negative correlation between MAF and SEMCD-Arabic (r = - 0.657) and MHAQ with SEMCD-Arabic (r = - 0.595). Discriminant validity confirmed by a significant negative correlation between visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, disease activity scale (DAS28), Morning stiffness, patient health, physician health, age, duration, and SEMCD-Arabic (r = - 0.1-0.7) (P < 0.001). Test-retest reliability was estimated which revealed a high interclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.87-0.997) indicating excellent agreement and internal consistency is acceptable as the Cronbach's alpha value (0.660 to 0.78). CONCLUSION: The SEMCD-Arabic questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable measure for assessment of patient's self-efficacy in RA. Key Points • The SEMCD-Arabic questionnaire has a statistically significant validity in correlation with different clinical manifestations MHAQ, SF QoL, and MAF. • The Arabic SEMCD is highly reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.660 to 0.78.

Impact of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among the Libyan population.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have a potentially serious effect on mental health and increase the risk of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorders in people. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of psychological illness and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Libyan population's mental health. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey, conducted in both online and paper modes and consisting of five sections, was completed in more than 30 cities and towns across Libya. The first section consisted of questions on basic demographic characteristics. The second section contained a survey related to the lockdown status, activities, related stress levels, and quarantine. The third section comprised the self-administered 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The fourth section contained the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the fifth section contained the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). RESULT: Of the 31,557 respondents, 4,280 (13.6%) reported severe depressive symptoms, with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] PHQ-9 score of 8.32 (5.44); 1,767 (5.6%) reported severe anxiety symptoms, with a mean (SD) GAD-7 score of 6 (4.6); and 6,245 (19.8%) of the respondents reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a mean (SD) score of 15.3 (18.85). In multivariate analysis, young age, being female, unmarried, educated, or victims of domestic violence or abuse, work suspension during the pandemic, and having increased workload, financial issues, suicidal thoughts, or a family member with or hospitalized due to COVID-19 were significantly associated with a high likelihood of depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as PTSD. Internal displacement due to civil war was also associated with PTSD. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and civil war in Libya. Further study on the development of strategies and interventions aimed at reducing the mental disease burden on the Libyan population is warranted.

The experiences, challenges, and acceptance of e-learning as a tool for teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic among university medical staff.

BACKGROUND: e-learning was underutilized in the past especially in developing countries. However, the current crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the entire world to rely on it for education. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the university medical staff perceptions, evaluate their experiences, recognize their barriers, challenges of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigate factors influencing the acceptance and use of e-learning as a tool teaching within higher education. METHODS: Data was collected using an electronic questionnaire with a validated Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for exploring factors that affect the acceptance and use of e-learning as a teaching tool among medical staff members, Zagazig University, Egypt. RESULTS: The majority (88%) of the staff members agreed that the technological skills of giving the online courses increase the educational value of the experience of the college staff. The rate of participant agreement on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and acceptance of e-learning was (77.1%, 76.5%, and 80.9% respectively). The highest barriers to e-learning were insufficient/ unstable internet connectivity (40%), inadequate computer labs (36%), lack of computers/ laptops (32%), and technical problems (32%). Younger age, teaching experience less than 10 years, and being a male are the most important indicators affecting e-learning acceptance. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the challenges and factors influencing the acceptance, and use of e-learning as a tool for teaching within higher education. Thus, it will help to develop a strategic plan for the successful implementation of e-learning and view technology as a positive step towards evolution and change.

Montelukast combined with intranasal mometasone furoate versus intranasal mometasone furoate; a comparative study in treatment of adenoid hypertrophy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of combined therapy using montelukast and intranasal mometasone furoate compared to intranasal mometasone furoate alone in treatment of adenoid hypertrophy regarding efficacy and recurrence rate. METHODS: The study included 100 children with adenoid hypertrophy, they were randomly assigned to two groups. Group I (50 patients) received combined therapy using montelukast and mometasone furoate nasal spray. Group II (50 patients) received only mometasone furoate nasal spray. Patients were treated for 3 months and observed for 3 months after stoppage of treatment. Patients were evaluated using symptoms scores, Adenoid/Nasopharyngeal ratio and endoscopic grading of adenoid hypertrophy. RESULTS: After 3 months of treatment, group I showed significant better scores of main symptoms than group II; (P = 0.001), (P = 0.019) and (P = 0.008) for rhinorrhea, mouth breathing and snoring respectively. The mean A/N ratio was 52.8 ± 11.3 in group I better than 62.88 ± 12.10 in group II (P < 0.001). Regarding the adenoid hypertrophy grading, significant reduction in size was found in group I in 34 (68%) patients better than in group II in 18 (36%) patients (P = 0.001). After further 3 months of follow up, the mean A/N ratio was 58.46 ± 10.05 in group I better than 66.36 ± 10.46 in group II (P < 0.001). Recurrence occurred in 8 (23.5%) cases out of 34 improved cases in group I better than 10 (55.5%) cases out of 18 cases in group II (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Combining oral montelukast with intranasal mometasone in treatment of adenoid hypertrophy provided better improvements and less recurrence in comparison with single therapy using intranasal mometasone alone.

Cactus and lupin extracts as prospective anticancer agents compared with utoral drug.

The ethanolic extracts of many plants have been used in alternative medicine. The present study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anticancer potential of cactus and lupin ethanolic extracts compared to utoral drug (UT) on the colon Caco-2 cancer cell line. Bioactive components, cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cell cycle, and gene regulation of apoptosis genes were studied by HPLC, flow cytometer, and RT-PCR, respectively. Lupin extract (LE) contained high bioactive components and antioxidant potential. The predominant phenol, flavonoid, and sterol in LE were rosmarinic acid (2,004.8 µg/ml), quercetin (9,912 µg/g), and ergosterol (2.77 µg/g). LE and its mixture with utoral showed high cytotoxicity and effective potential in regulation of gene expression of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, LE and cactus extract (CE) could be considered as natural preparations with high anticancer properties against Caco-2 cells. LE had the highest anticancer potential among the tested preparations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study demonstrated that lupine and cactus extracts have high potential as anticancer substances. These natural extracts can be used to prepare therapeutic mixtures or foods.

Maternal vitamin D level and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism as a risk factor for congenital heart diseases in offspring; An Egyptian case-control study.

Vitamin D & vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling play a very crucial role in early embryonic heart development. We construct this case-control study to investigate the association between maternal serum vitamin D level & VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism and risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring. Fifty mothers who had term neonates with CHD were considered as cases. Fifty age-comparable healthy mothers who had neonates without CHD were contemplated as controls. Maternal serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] level was tested using ELISA. Maternal VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism was analyzed using PCR-based RFLP-assay. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level (P = 0.002) and a significant increase in vitamin D deficient status (P = 0.007) among cases when compared to controls. VDR gene Fok1 genotypes distribution frequency were in accordance with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HW) among controls. A significant increase in VDR gene Fok1 F/f & f/f genotypes and f allele were observed in cases compared to controls with estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) & P-value of 3 (1-8) & P = 0.006, 11 (1-97) & P = 0.01 and 3 (2-6) & P = 0.001 respectively. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level in neonates with cyanotic CHD (P = 0.000) compared to those with a cyanotic CHD while there was no significant difference in VDR Fok1 genotype (P = 0.18) & allele (P = 0.05) distribution between two groups. We concluded that maternal vitamin D deficiency and VDR gene Fok1 F/f, f/f genotype and f allele were associated with increased risk of CHD in offspring.

Nitric Oxide Gene Polymorphism is a Risk Factor for Diabetic Nephropathy and Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetic Patients.

AIM: To assess the risk factor for diabetic atherosclerosis nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy volunteers age and sex-matched and Sixty-five type 1 diabetic patient were in rolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 17.99 ± 2.59 years, mean age of onset of diabetes was 7.00 ± 3.28 years, mean duration of diabetes was 10.91 ± 3.54 years. Glycosylated sex-matched (HbA1c) was assessed in blood samples, serum lipid profile was determined, and serum level of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and nitric oxide was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Nitric oxide 894G > T genotype was analysed by (PCR-RFLP) method and confirmed by Sequencing. Assessment of the albumin / creatinine ratio was done in urine samples. Renal Doppler and Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) via ultrasound was also performed. RESULTS: OxLDL, lipid profile, albumin/creatinine ratio, cIMT and resistivity index were significantly higher in diabetic patients while nitric oxide was significantly lower. Nitric oxide genotype shows no significant difference between diabetic's patients and controls. Diabetic patients with homozygous NO had a significantly lower serum level of Nitric oxide, a significantly higher OxLDL, albumin / creatinine ratio and lipid profile. CONCLUSION: diabetic patients are liable for the occurrence of early diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis as a result of the presence of low level of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide gene polymorphism 894G > T in diabetic patients is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis.

Osteopontin for Early Detection of Microvascular and Macrovascular Type 1 Diabetic Complication.

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between osteopontin and diabetes complication in type 1 diabetic patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy types 1 diabetic and 60 healthy volunteers were studied. Full history, examination, laboratory tests of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lipids {cholesterol, triglyceride (Tg), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-c)}, oxidised low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), Osteopontin and urinary microalbuminuria (albumin/creatinine ratio) were done. Image study in the form of a carotid intimal medial thickness (cIMT) and aortic intimal medial thickness (aIMT), renal doppler for resistivity index was also done for all participant included in the study. RESULTS: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, lipid profile, osteopontin, cIMT and aIMT were higher in people with diabetes. Osteopontin was higher in people with diabetes with positive microalbuminuria and cIMT. Systolic blood pressure, microalbuminuria and cIMT had a positive correlation with osteopontin in people with diabetes. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that osteopontin had a significant correlation with cIMT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the cut off value of Osteopontin for detection of cIMT was > 60 with a specificity of 100% and sensitivity 80.5%, while that of albumin/creatinine ratio was > 64 with a specificity of 66.7 and sensitivity of 92.3. CONCLUSION: Osteopontin is higher in type 1 diabetics and is useful for early detection of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complication.

Follow Up of Value of the Intrarenal Resistivity Indices and Different Renal Biomarkers for Early Identification of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetic Patients.

AIM: To evaluate intrarenal resistivity index (RI) and different biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy (DN) with clinical signs of DN and its progression over time as early detection of DN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This longitudinal study included 48 type 1 diabetic patients who were studied at baseline and after three years. A blood sample was taken for assessment of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1), lipid profile and a urine sample was taken for assessment of albumin/creatinine ratio, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) at baseline and after three years. Forty diabetic patients did renal Doppler at baseline & after three years. RESULTS: HbA1, waist/hip ratio, albumin/creatinine ratio, lipid profile, NGAL, KIM-1, L-FABP and resistivity index (RI) were significantly increased in follow-up. Twenty patients (41.7%) showed progression to albuminuria. RI showed a significant increase in follow-up study. ROC curve showed that RI and NGAL had the highest sensitivity (100%), followed by L-FABP (90%) and lastly KIM-1 (63.6%) in the prediction of DN. CONCLUSION: High RI, NGAL, KIM-1 & L-FABP can be considered as early markers of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetics and are associated with its progression over time, independent of albuminuria.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ polymorphism (rs1801282) is associated with obesity in Egyptian patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene is one of the possible genes linking diabetes mellitus (DM) with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study is to clarify whether PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with the development of CAD in type 2 diabetic patients and to evaluate PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism genetic distribution in type 2 DM (T2DM) Egyptian subjects. METHODS: PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism was determined by Real-Time PCR in serum of 405 subjects classified into 4 groups; T2DM patients (n = 105), T2DM with CAD (n = 100), CAD patients (n = 100) and healthy controls (n = 100). RESULTS: The PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated significantly with T2DM with CAD (group2) (OR = 3, 95% CI = (1.5-6); p = 0.001). In this study, T2DM with CAD complications carrying the PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism had higher BMI than those without the PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism (p < 0.0001). CAD patients carrying PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism had considerable insulin resistance features. Plasma paraoxanase 1(PON1) level was considerably reduced among our 3 studied groups in comparison to control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism might represent a novel risk factor for CAD in T2DM.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in children with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) could be involved in the pathophysiological process of diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate MCP-1 and MIF in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and to assess its relation to diabetic control. METHODS: The study included 39 patients with type 1 diabetes and 38 healthy volunteers. Blood sample was taken for assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin, serum MIF and MCP-1. RESULTS: Serum MIF and MCP-1 were significantly higher in diabetic cases than in healthy controls. HbA1c levels, were significantly higher in cases than in controls. Serum MIF had a significant positive correlation with serum MCP-1 (r=0.361, p=0.03). No other significant correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin or duration of diabetes was detected. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase of serum level of MIF and serum MCP-1 was found in patients with T1DM. These results support that MCP-1 and MIF could be a therapeutic target to treat diabetes and to prevent its complications.

Fetuin-A levels in obesity: differences in relation to metabolic syndrome and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables.

INTRODUCTION: Fetuin-A is an important player in the enhancement of insulin resistance. There are very limited data available concerning the relationships between fetuin-A, weight status and features of the metabolic syndrome (Met S) in obese Egyptian subjects, and especially in children. The aim of the study was to evaluate fetuin-A serum level in subjects with obesity and its possible association with other laboratory and clinical variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 140 obese subjects and 50 controls aged 10-40 years were recruited. Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical features were collected according to a standard protocol. Serum fetuin-A levels were measured using ELISA and the modified Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) criteria were adopted to diagnose Met S. RESULTS: A higher level of serum fetuin-A was detected in obese subjects. Met S cases were also significantly associated with higher serum fetuin-A. Fetuin-A correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.437), systolic (r = 0.228) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.295), waist circumference (r = 0.332), insulin resistance calculated by the homeostasis model (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.295) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.362). CONCLUSIONS: Fetuin-A levels were higher in adults and children with obesity and Met S. They were related to insulin resistance and to features of the Met S in cross-sectional analyses. Our study demonstrates a novel association between human fetuin-A and the Met S among obese subject. Therefore, fetuin-A might be a new promising link between obesity and its comorbidities.

Rehabilitation of torture survivors in five countries: common themes and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Torture continues to be a global problem and there is a need for prevention and rehabilitation efforts. There is little available data on torture survivors from studies designed and conducted by health professionals in low income countries. This study is a collaboration between five centres from Gaza, Egypt, Mexico, Honduras and South Africa who provide health, social and legal services to torture survivors, advocate for the prevention of torture and are part of the network of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT). METHODS: Socio-demographic, clinical and torture exposure data was collected on the torture survivors attending the five centres at presentation and then at three and six month follow-up periods. This sample of torture survivors is presented using a range of descriptive statistics. Change over time is demonstrated with repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Of the 306 torture survivors, 23% were asylum seekers or refugees, 24% were socially isolated, 11% in prison. A high level of traumatic events was experienced. 64% had suffered head injury whilst tortured and 24% had ongoing torture injury problems. There was high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress as well as medically unexplained somatic symptoms. The analysis demonstrates a modest drop in symptoms over the six months of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Data showed that the torture survivors seen in these five centres had high levels of exposure to torture events and high rates of clinical symptoms. In order to provide effective services to torture survivors, health professionals at torture rehabilitation centres in low income countries need to be supported to collect relevant data to document the needs of torture survivors and to evaluate the centres' interventions.