Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of target anthocyanins di-glucosides isolated from Syzygium cumini pulp by high speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was utilized as an effective procedure for isolation of targeted three anthocyanins di-glucosides from Syzygium cumini (SC) pulp by using an optimized biphasic successful combination of different solvents. The resulted fractions described by HPLC/ESI-MS to be delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside (DDG), petunidin 3,5-diglucoside (PDG), and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (MDG). A weight of 150 mg of sample yielded 7.53, 22.68, and 39.09 mg for DDG, PDG, and MDG, respectively. It was stated that the target three anthocyanins possessed strong antioxidant activities. Furthermore, MDG exhibited definite advantages for inhibition of nitric oxide release and pro-inflammatory mediators like mouse interleukin 6 (IL-6), mouse interleukin (IL-1ß) and mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The results propose that HSCCC can be utilized to separate highly antioxidative and anti-inflammatory natural components from SC pulp. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments and considered one of the groups of bioactive compounds, which generally concentrate in the skin, and often also the flesh of some fruits and vegetables as glycosides like acylglycosides and aglycones of anthocyanidins. The fully ripe fruits of SC contain anthocyanins, like as delphinidin, cyanidin, and petunidin, which supply them a distinctive color and good antioxidant characteristics. HSCCC considers a system of liquid-liquid extraction with separating large quantities of materials, using a minimum of solvent. The findings of the study would pave a separation strategy for potential large-scale preparation of anthocyanins di-glucosides standards for compounds detection and reduce the inflammation symptoms through declining the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6, which will also enhance the future notification on the structure-activity correlations of anthocyanins di-glucosides.

Immunomodulatory Activity in vitro and in vivo of Polysaccharides from Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Hull.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND: Polysaccharides isolated from plants, fungi and bacteria are associated with immunomodulatory effects. Chickpea hull, which is regarded as food industrial waste, contains considerable amount of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull (CHPS). In vitro study was conducted with RAW264.7 cell line while in vivo study was carried out using specific pathogen-free BALB/c mouse animal model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In in vitro test with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, the three purified fractions of chickpea hull polysaccharides showed potent immunomodulatory activity. Sample CHPS-3 showed stronger effect on cell viability, promoted the phagocytosis index to a greater extent and had the best effect on acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, it was found that CHPS-3 significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the secretion of nitrogen monoxide and cytokine (interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) levels. In in vivo study, CHPS-3 improved thymus and spleen indices in cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. Increased activities of lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, serum haemolysin content and total antioxidant capacity were observed, while the amount of malondialdehyde in the liver decreased. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: The results suggest that chickpea hull polysaccharides enhanced the immune activity and could be developed as the ingredient of functional foods.

Production and characterization of CMC-based antioxidant and antimicrobial films enriched with chickpea hull polysaccharides.

In the present study, polysaccharides from chickpea hull (CHPS) were incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for the development of CMC-based films. The physical and mechanical properties, color, transmittance, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to study the potential interaction, structure and thermal stabilization of the prepared films. The results revealed that some physical and mechanical properties of films, like moisture content, elongation at break and water vapor permeability, were decreased. While thickness, swelling ratio, water solubility and tensile strength were significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with control film. Furthermore, the films exhibited potential antioxidant effects on DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed rough and heterogeneous morphology for CMC-CHPS films while control film exhibited smooth, homogenous and compact structure. FT-IR results reflected good interaction of chemical groups and bonds between CMC and CHPS. DSC results showed that glass transition temperature increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 82.68 to 90.39 °C compared with control of 78.21 °C. Thermal stability of all films was improved, indicating that the films could be used as biocomposite materials for packaging of food products.