ABSTRACT
Novel (non-fluoroquinolone) inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases (NBTIs) are an emerging class of antibacterial agents. We report an optimized series of cyclobutylaryl-substituted NBTIs. Compound 14 demonstrated excellent activity both in vitro (S. aureus MIC90=0.125µg/mL) and in vivo (systemic and tissue infections). Enhanced inhibition of Topoisomerase IV correlated with improved activity in S. aureus strains with mutations conferring resistance to NBTIs. Compound 14 also displayed an improved hERG IC50 of 85.9µM and a favorable profile in the anesthetized guinea pig model.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , DNA Gyrase/metabolism , DNA Topoisomerase IV/antagonists & inhibitors , Quinolines/pharmacology , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/pharmacology , Topoisomerase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , DNA Topoisomerase IV/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Quinolines/chemical synthesis , Quinolines/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/enzymology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/chemistry , Topoisomerase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Topoisomerase Inhibitors/chemistryABSTRACT
A structurally novel set of inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases with potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity was developed. Dual-targeting ability, hERG inhibition, and pharmacokinetic properties were also assessed.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , DNA Topoisomerase IV/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Quinolines/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , DNA Gyrase/metabolism , DNA Topoisomerase IV/metabolism , DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Quinolines/administration & dosage , Quinolines/chemistry , Rats , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/enzymology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
QPT-1 was discovered in a compound library by high-throughput screening and triage for substances with whole-cell antibacterial activity. This totally synthetic compound is an unusual barbituric acid derivative whose activity resides in the (-)-enantiomer. QPT-1 had activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, was nontoxic to eukaryotic cells, and showed oral efficacy in a murine infection model, all before any medicinal chemistry optimization. Biochemical and genetic characterization showed that the QPT-1 targets the beta subunit of bacterial type II topoisomerases via a mechanism of inhibition distinct from the mechanisms of fluoroquinolones and novobiocin. Given these attributes, this compound represents a promising new class of antibacterial agents. The success of this reverse genomics effort demonstrates the utility of exploring strategies that are alternatives to target-based screens in antibacterial drug discovery.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Topoisomerase II Inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Area Under Curve , Bacteria/enzymology , Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Replacement of the morpholine C-ring of linezolid 1 with a 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl ring leads to oxazolidinone analogues 5 having potent antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Conversion of the C5 acetamide group to a thioacetamide further increases the potency of these compounds.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Oxazolidinones/chemical synthesis , Oxazolidinones/pharmacology , Phenols/chemistry , Thiadiazoles/chemistry , Acetamides/chemical synthesis , Acetamides/chemistry , Acetamides/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Linezolid , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Oxazolidinones/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thioacetamide/chemical synthesis , Thioacetamide/chemistry , Thioacetamide/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Novel benzazepine oxazolidinone antibacterials were synthesized and evaluated against clinically relevant susceptible and resistant organisms. The effect of ring nitrogen position and N-substitution on antibacterial activity is examined.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Benzazepines/pharmacology , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Oxazolidinones/chemical synthesis , Oxazolidinones/pharmacology , Acetamides/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Linezolid , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Oxazolidinones/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A new and promising group of antibacterial agents, collectively known as the oxazolidinones and exemplified by linezolid (PNU-100766, marketed as Zyvox), have recently emerged as important new therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Because of their significance, extensive synthetic investigations into the structure-activity relationships of the oxazolidinones have been conducted at Pharmacia. One facet of this research effort has focused on the identification of bioisosteric replacements for the usual oxazolidinone A-ring. In this paper we describe studies leading to the identification of antibacterial agents incorporating a novel isoxazoline A-ring surrogate. In a gratifying result, the initial isoxazoline analogue prepared was found to exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity approaching that of the corresponding oxazolidinone progenitor. The synthesis and antibacterial activity profile of a preliminary series of isoxazoline analogues incorporating either a C-C or N-C linkage between their B- and C-rings will be presented. Many of the analogues exhibited interesting levels of antibacterial activity. The piperazine derivative 54 displayed especially promising in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy comparable to the activity and efficacy of linezolid.
