GC-MS and ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Analysis for Detection and Quantification of White Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) Essential Oils Adulteration.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> White turmeric essential oil (WTEO) is known to have high commercial value since it has been used to improve immunological function, increase blood circulation, ease toxin clearance and stimulate digestion. However, there is no standard to regulate the specific characteristics of white turmeric essential oil. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop an analytical technique for WTEO authentication from vegetable oils, namely palm oil (PO), coconut oil (VCO) and soybean oil (SO), using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, as well as GC-MS spectroscopy. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The WTEO was obtained by hydrodistillation method. Pure WTEO and vegetable oils were scanned in the MIR region (4000-650 cm¹) of FTIR spectroscopy and the spectra were further analyzed using chemometrics. <b>Results:</b> The extraction yielded 0.103% v/w WTEO, a dark purple color with a specific pungent odor. Discriminant analysis separated pure WTEO and adulterated WTEO with 100% accuracy at wave numbers 4000-650 cm¹. The best PLS regressions to quantify SO, VCO, PO and concentration in WTEO were at wave numbers 4000-1100, 1400-1050 and 2100-650 cm¹, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> The FTIR and chemometrics combination effectively authenticates white turmeric essential oil from any possible adulterants, such as vegetable oil.

Cowanin induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via Bcl-2 signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cowanin the mechanism of cowanin toward cell death and BCL-2 protein (antiapoptotic) expression of T47D breast cancer. METHODS: The cell death was evaluated by double staining, namely acridine orange and propidium iodide, and then observed under a fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile, the BCL-2 protein expression was determined by western blotting with measurement of protein area and protein density. RESULTS: The result found T47D breast cancer cells were viable, apoptosis, and necrosis after treatment with cowanin. The average viable cells, apoptosis, and necrosis percentages were 54.13 %, 45.43 %, and 0.44 %, respectively. Statistical analysis showed cowanin could significantly induce death in T47D breast cancer cells by apoptosis (p<0.05). It was also revealed that cowanin and positive control (doxorubicin) treatment had a significantly decreased protein area and protein density (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that cowanin can induce death in T47D breast cancer cells by apoptosis and affect the expression of Bcl-2 protein in T47D breast cancer cells.

Single dose oral pharmacokinetic profile rubraxanthone in mice.

Rubraxanthone is a main active constituent of kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb), has showed many biological activity including antimicrobial, anti hypercholesterolemic, antiplatelet, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties. To the best of our knowledge, no reports on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of this rubraxanthone have been published. The PK of rubraxanthone in mice was examined after a single oral dose of 700 mg/kg rubraxanthone suspension in virgin coconut oil. Plasma samples were collected at different time points and further analyzed using validated chromatographic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from observed plasma concentration-time profile. The maximum concentration of rubraxanthone in plasma was discovered in 1.5 h. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 4.267 µg/mL, and the area under the curve (AUCt0-t ∞ ) was 560.99 µg h/L, with a 6.72-hour terminal half-life (T1/2). The volume of distribution (Vd/F) was 1200.19 mL/kg and 1123.88 mL/h/kg clearance (Cl/F).

Simultaneous TLC-densitometric analysis of catechin, pyrocatechol and quercetine in gambir block from Pesisir Selatan.

The goal of this study is to use the TLC-densitometric method to determine the concentration of catechin, pyrocatechol, and quercetine in gambir block extracts in a reliable and efficient manner. The best eluent is a mixture of chloroform: ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (4:4:2). The concentration of catechin, pyrocatechol and quercetine in gambir block was found to be 25.50 ± 3.13, 0.91 ± 0.60 and 0.83 ± 0.34% (w/w) w/w respectively. The linearity was obtained between 750-2500, 50-350, and 50-350 µg/spot. 12.49-41.63, 0.48-1.60, 3,85-12.83 µg/spots were found to represent the LOD and LOQ, respectively. The proposed approach exhibited great sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, as well as strong linearity.

High Performance Thin layer Chromatography: Densitometry Method for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb.

CONTEXT: Garcinia cowa is a medicinal plant widely grown in Southeast Asia and tropical countries. Various parts of this plant have been used in traditional folk medicine. The bark, latex, and root have been used as an antipyretic agent, while fruit and leaves have been used as an expectorant, for indigestion and improvement of blood circulation. AIMS: This study aims to determine the concentration of rubraxanthone found in ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of G. cowa by the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HPTLC method was performed on precoated silica gel G 60 F254 plates using an HPTLC system with a developed mobile-phase system of chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (86:6:3:5). A volume of 5 µL of standard and sample solutions was applied to the chromatographic plates. The plates were developed in saturated mode of twin trough chamber at room temperature. The method was validated based on linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and specificity. The spots were observed at ultraviolet 243 nm. RESULTS: The linearity of rubraxanthone was obtained between 52.5 and 157.5 ppm/spot. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 4.03 and 13.42 ppm/spot, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed method showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and high sensitivity. Therefore, it may be applied for the quantification of rubraxanthone in ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of G. cowa. SUMMARY: High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method provides rapid qualitative and quantitative estimation of rubraxanthone as a marker com¬pound in G. cowa extract used for commercial productRubraxanthone found in ethyl acetate extracts of G. cowa was successfully quantified using HPTLC method. Abbreviations Used: TLC: Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC: High-performance thin-layer chromatography, LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification, ICH: International Conference on Harmonization.

Cytotoxic Properties and Complete Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignment of Isolated Xanthones from the Root of Garcinia cowa Roxb.

OBJECTIVE: To isolate compounds from the roots of Garcinia cowa and to evaluated their cytotoxic activity against breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU-145), and lung (H-460) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ground air-dried root was sequentially macerated with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol. The DCM soluble extract was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography, column chromatography, and radial chromatography over silica gel with hexane, EtOAc and methanol as eluent in progressively increasing polarity manner; to yield three compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on their spectroscopic data and their comparison with those of the literature. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was carried out against human cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. The extract was added at various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/ml). The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC50 that was based on the percentage of the cell death following the 24 h incubation with the extract. RESULTS: Phytochemical study on the roots of G. cowa yielded rubraxanthone (3), cowanine (4) and 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (5). Compound 4 with an IC50 value of 4.1 ± 1.0 µM, 5.4 ± 2.3 µM and 11.3 ± 10.0 µM against MCF-7, H-460, and DU-145, respectively while compound 3 was found to be in active. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that G. cowa roots could be important sources of natural cytotoxic compounds. SUMMARY: Isolation of cytotoxic compounds from Garcinia cowaCowanine is the active constituent from the roots of Garcinia cowaComplete nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of isolated compoundsMS fragmentation of rubraxanthone.