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1.
Toxicol Sci ; 41(1): 62-76, 1998 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9520342

ABSTRACT

A comprehensive chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study was conducted on a series of Aroclors (1016, 1242, 1254, and 1260). Each Aroclor was assessed at multiple dietary concentrations, ranging from 25 to 200 ppm, for 24 months in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Liver toxicity was indicated by elevated serum enzyme activity (AST, ALT, and GGT), elevated serum cholesterol concentration, decreases in hematologic parameters (RBC, Hb, and Hct), hepatocellular hypertrophy, an increased incidence of altered hepatocellular foci, and an increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms (primarily adenomas). Liver toxicity was distinctly more severe in females than in males. The incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms was highly sex-dependent (females >> males), differed between Aroclor mixtures and, for females, increased with dose and followed the general incidence pattern of Aroclor 1254 > Aroclor 1260 approximately Aroclor 1242 > Aroclor 1016. A significant response (p < 0.05) in males was seen only for the high dose of Aroclor 1260. A small increase in the incidence of thyroid gland follicular cell adenomas was noted in males for Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260, with the incidence being uniform across dose groups and Aroclor mixtures. For females, increased survival relative to controls was observed for all Aroclor treatment groups. A significantly decreased trend in the incidence of mammary gland neoplasms compared to control was also noted for females receiving Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260.


Subject(s)
Aroclors/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Animals , Carcinogenicity Tests , Female , Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced , Liver Neoplasms/mortality , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/mortality , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology , Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms/pathology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Risk Assessment , Sex Characteristics , Survival Rate , Thyroid Neoplasms/chemically induced , Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
3.
J Adolesc ; 12(1): 55-68, 1989 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2708601

ABSTRACT

The present study was designed to examine relationships between the life values of 399 U.S. college students and their nuclear war-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The students completed four scales from the Life Values Inventory: (i.e. Conventionally Defined Success [CDS]; Religious Faith and Devotion [RFD]; Activist Pursuit of Social Causes [APSC]; Materialistic Orientation [MO]), the Satisfaction With Life Scale, four scales from the Nuclear War Inventory--Nuclear Distress; Salience; Weapons Opposition; Personal Efficacy--and a single behavioral measure of approach toward information concerning nuclear weapons. Consistent with theory regarding the influence of values and commitments on attitudes and behavior, APSC was found to be positively associated with all five nuclear war measures. Additionally, MO was negatively related to Personal Efficacy and Information Approach, and CDS was positively associated with Nuclear Distress. The only value dimension which covaried significantly with general life satisfaction was RFD. Results are discussed with respect to the recent rise in conservative and materialistically-oriented values among American college students.


Subject(s)
Affect , Cognition , Nuclear Warfare , Social Values , Students/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Psychological Tests , Risk Factors
6.
J Youth Adolesc ; 15(2): 133-45, 1986 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24301626

ABSTRACT

In order to assess the relationship between family members' cognitive and affective responses to nuclear war issues, 317 college students and their parents (n=559) independently completed a multifaceted questionnaire that included items concerning personal reactions, predictions, opinions, and attitudes about nuclear war. Results revealed a negligible relationship between the responses of college students and their parents, although the level of concordance between mothers and fathers was somewhat greater. Moreover, parents and students were relatively poor at predicting each others' nuclear threat attitudes, and the strength with which an attitude was endorsed did not enhance its predictability. Results are discussed with regard to heterogeneity in attitudinal and affective reactions within families, and with regard to the idea that infrequent communication concerning nuclear war issues may be occurring.

8.
J Abnorm Child Psychol ; 6(4): 503-9, 1978 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-730970

ABSTRACT

The parents of a 6-year-old disruptive boy were observed interacting with their son during 20 assessment-oriented, 10-minute experimental sessions. An experimental design consisting of alternately arranged baseline and self-monitoring conditions was utilized. Following the reversal-to-baseline phase, parents were given specialized training in self-recording positive parental praise. Results indicated that (a) self-monitoring of positive verbalizations was an effective means of producing reactive changes in parental behavior, and (b) training in self-monitoring increased parent-observer accuracy scores to more than acceptable levels of agreement. These findings were discussed with regard to the simplicity of a parental self-observational intervention and recommendations were made for continuing investigations in the area.


Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy/methods , Parent-Child Relations , Reinforcement, Verbal , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/therapy , Humans , Male , Token Economy
11.
J Clin Psychol ; 33(3): 861-6, 1977 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-893725

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effects of reliability and validity "enhancers" on fidelity of self-report data in an analogue therapy situation. Under the guise of a Concentration Skills Training Program, 57 Ss were assigned randomly to one of the following conditions: (a) Reliability Enhancement; (b) Truth Talk; (c) No Comment Control. Results indicated significant differences among groups (p less than .05). In addition, tests of multiple comparisons revealed that Reliability Enhancement was significantly different from Truth Talk in occurrences of unreliability (p less than .05). These findings are discussed in light of the increased reliance on self-report data in behavioral intervention, and recommendations are made for future research.


Subject(s)
Self Concept , Self-Assessment , Set, Psychology , Alpha Rhythm , Attention , Behavior Therapy , Biofeedback, Psychology , Cues , Female , Guilt , Humans , Male , Reinforcement, Psychology
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