ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Free flap complications are generally rare, but not negligible since they may exert paramount impact on both patients and care providers. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for reexploration and assess predictors associated with increased salvage rates. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted for free flaps performed between 2006 and 2015. Patient demographics, indications and flap types were analyzed together with complications and time to reexploration. RESULTS: Among 547 consecutive free flaps, 11.5% required acute reexploration. Hematoma together with vascular compromise was the main cause (41.9%) for reexploration, followed by hematoma only (19.4%), venous (16.1%) and arterial (6.5%) thrombosis. Hematoma was associated with an increased risk for concomitant vascular complication (p < 0.02). The incidence of total and partial flap necrosis was 3.5% and 3.7% respectively. There was an overall 71.4% salvage rate. The median time from detection of a compromised flap to reexploration was 3.0 h. Significantly higher salvage rates were observed for cases reexplored within (82.4%) compared to after (57.1%) 3.0 h (OR 3.50 (95% CI 1.10 to 11.13, pâ¯=â¯0.034)). CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the importance of early intervention, including evacuation of hematomas that may lead to vascular compromise. Adequate monitoring of venous outflow was found necessary to improve flap salvage rates, whereas arterial complications were mainly related to persistent arterial injury in traumatized extremities with reduced salvage rates. Free flap surgery requires trained staff and immediate access to operating facilities to ensure high flap survival rates.
Subject(s)
Free Tissue Flaps , Hematoma , Plastic Surgery Procedures/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications , Thrombosis , Early Medical Intervention/methods , Female , Free Tissue Flaps/adverse effects , Free Tissue Flaps/blood supply , Free Tissue Flaps/classification , Free Tissue Flaps/statistics & numerical data , Hematoma/etiology , Hematoma/prevention & control , Hematoma/surgery , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/pathology , Postoperative Complications/physiopathology , Postoperative Complications/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Regional Blood Flow , Reoperation/methods , Reoperation/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Risk Adjustment/methods , Risk Factors , Salvage Therapy/methods , Sweden/epidemiology , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Thrombosis/surgery , Time-to-Treatment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Inverted papilloma (IP) is a locally destructive benign tumour of the sinonasal mucosa with a tendency for malignant transformation. Stathmin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are important markers in cancer prognosis. Here we investigate if expression of stathmin and EGFR correlate to dysplasia, recurrence and HPV in IP. METHODS: 98 patients with IP diagnosed 2000-2010 were analyzed for stathmin and EGFR by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HPV by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). RESULTS: All IPs expressed stathmin while its expression was absent or weak in normal mucosa. Dysplasia was present in 26,7% of IPs with high stathmin expression while only 7.4% of IPs with low stathmin expression showed dysplasia. Stathmin positive IPs showed a trend towards earlier recurrences. 57.1% of IP expressed EGFR but no significant association was seen between EGFR-positivity and recurrence or dysplasia. EGFR was expressed by 91.7% of the HPV-positive IPs compared to 52,3% of the HPV negative IPs. CONCLUSIONS: EGFR expression is significantly higher in HPV positive IP. Stathmin is expressed by all IP tumour cells. Stathmin was also associated with dysplasia and a trend towards a correlation between stathmin positivity and recurrence was found. Stathmin and EGFR might therefore be considered therapeutic targets.
