ABSTRACT
A number of clinical reports of drug interactions with influenza vaccine have been made. We hypothesized that CYP3A4 activity would decrease following influenza immunization. Fifteen healthy subjects had erythromycin breath tests (ERMBT) and influenza antibody titer hemagglutinin inhibition assay (HIA) before and after receiving influenza vaccine. The mean age of the subjects was 31.9 years (S.D. 10.2). The change in ERMBT following influenza immunization was not significant (mean -4%, S.D. 17%, P=0.25). Influenza immunization does not significantly change CYP3A4 activity. Changes in serum drug concentrations noted previously after influenza immunization are either due to very small changes in CYP3A4 activity or other pharmacokinetic interactions.
Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects , Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism , Adult , Breath Tests , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A , Erythromycin/administration & dosage , Erythromycin/pharmacokinetics , Female , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Liver/enzymology , MaleABSTRACT
The primary goal of this review article is to increase the reader's knowledge and understanding of problems associated with the radiopharmaceuticals commonly used in daily practice. To achieve this objective, problems related to the commonly used radiopharmaceuticals are divided into pitfalls and artifacts related to radiopharmaceutical preparation (technetium-99m [99mTc]-labeled and non-99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical) and those related to radiopharmaceutical administration. For the radiopharmaceutical formulation-associated pitfalls and artifacts, problems are discussed in terms of factor categories, such as factors associated with radionuclides, factors associated with components, factors associated with preparation procedures, and miscellaneous factors. As for the pitfalls and artifacts caused by radiopharmaceutical administration, these problems are categorized into errors associated with administration technique and nontechnical errors. Clinical manifestations (ie, appearance upon imaging) from the numerous literature-based examples are presented. The effect of the causative factors and the reason each factor can result in radiopharmaceutical preparation and administration problems are discussed. In addition, the possible preventive actions are presented for each group. However, the cause of some pharmaceutical related problems may not be easily recognized, and thus it is difficult to develop preventive and/or corrective plans for these cases.
Subject(s)
Artifacts , Radionuclide Imaging , Radiopharmaceuticals , Technetium , HumansABSTRACT
There are many methods available for the detection of thrombosis, none of which are noninvasive, rapid and accurate. Thrombospondin is a platelet protein that is present in the developing thrombus and may be an effective substance to use for imaging thrombosis. Vascular stenosis and thrombosis were produced in coronary, carotid and femoral arteries in eleven adult mongrel dogs. 131I labeled thrombospondin was administered to each animal to determine whether the radiotracer accumulated at the site of thrombus formation. The radioactivity per gram of vessels with thrombi was significantly different from the control vessels or whole blood (p = 0.0037 and p = 0.0015, respectively, paired t-test). This preliminary work suggests that iodinated thrombospondin accumulates at the site of thrombus formation. Labeled thrombospondin may be a rapid, safe and accurate method of detecting arterial thrombosis.
