Osteoid Osteoma of the Proximal Humerus: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Osteoid osteoma is a common benign primary bone tumor, but it is very uncommon in the proximal humerus. This case report describes the clinical course and treatment of a patient with shoulder pain and osteoid osteoma of the proximal humerus and provides a review of the literature. A 22-year-old healthy male patient presented to our clinic with a 2-year history of constant throbbing right shoulder pain. The patient was referred for orthopedic consultation. A series of plain radiographs, bone scintigraphy, and a magnetic resonance imaging were done and revealed an osseous lesion at the medial aspect of the proximal meta diaphyseal region of the right proximal humerus, with a diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. The patient underwent radiofrequency ablation of the tumor nidus, which was successful and resulted in resolution of symptoms with minimal pain at follow up. This case demonstrates that osteoid osteoma can present with clinical features that mimic various causes for shoulder pain.

Coexistence of Interstitial Nephritis and the Cellular Variant of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Secondary to Anabolic Steroid Abuse.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) have been widely used by young people to enhance performance and increase muscle mass. The use of AAS can affect the kidneys and lead to a myriad of presentations, ranging from mildly elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to irreversible chronic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To the best of our knowledge, the coexistence of interstitial nephritis and the cellular variant of FSGS [Immunoglobulin M (IgM)] secondary to AAS abuse has not been previously reported in the literature. Here, we report the case of a 40-year-old bodybuilder who developed simultaneous interstitial nephritis and the cellular variant of FSGS (IgM) after short-term use of AAS and other dietary supplements.

Coincidental light chain induced proximal tubulopathy with lupus nephritis: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: We report a case of light chain proximal tubulopathy associated with lupus nephritis in a patient known to have systemic lupus erythematosus. The kidney can be injured in several ways in any of these disorders. Light chain proximal tubulopathy is a rare form of renal tubular injury that may occur in and complicate plasma cell dyscrasia, characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of the monoclonal light chain within proximal tubular cells. Lupus nephritis is a common form of renal injury as it occurs in about 25-50% of adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 57-year-old African patient known to have systemic lupus erythematosus and hypertension presented with a new complaint of microscopic hematuria. A renal biopsy was performed and revealed lupus nephritis class II concurrently associated with light chain induced proximal tubulopathy. A subsequent bone marrow biopsy was performed, which revealed multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of coincidental lupus nephritis and proximal tubulopathy featuring a combined constellation of rare histopathological features that might add to the relationship between systemic lupus and paraproteinemia.

Nicorandil prevents the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporine-A in albino rats through modulation of HIF-1α/VEGF/eNOS signaling.

Despite that cyclosporine-A (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressive drug, its nephrotoxic effect limits its long-term administration. Herein we tried to investigate its renal effect on endothelial dysfunction targeting the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) / vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) / endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway and the possible modulation by nicorandil. Eight groups of adult male Wistar rats were included: (1) control; (2) vehicle group (received oil); (3) glibenclamide 5 mg·kg-1·day-1 administered orally; (4) nicorandil 10 mg·kg-1·day-1 administered orally; (5) CsA 25 mg·kg-1·day-1 administered orally; (6) combined administration of CsA and nicorandil; (7) glibenclamide was added to CsA; and (8) both CsA and nicorandil were combined with glibenclamide. The treatment continued for six weeks. Combined nicorandil with CsA improved renal function deterioration initiated by CsA. CsA decreased the renal expression levels (P < 0.001) of HIF-1α, eNOS, and VEGF, inducing endothelial dysfunction and triggering inflammation, and upregulated the profibrotic marker transforming growth factor (TGF-ß). Nicorandil fixed the disturbed HIF-1α/VEGF/eNOS signaling. Nicorandil corrected the renal functions, confirmed by the improved histological glomerular tuft retraction that was obvious in the CsA group, without significant influence by glibenclamide. Proper protection from CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was achieved by nicorandil. Nicorandil reversed the disturbed HIF-1α/VEGF/eNOS pathway created by CsA.

Impact of hepatitis virus infection on arterial calcification among incident hemodialysis patients / Impacto de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis en la calcificación arterial en nuevos pacientes en hemodiálisis

BACKGROUND: The impact of hepatitis virus infection on arterial calcification (AC) was not studied. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence, severity and distribution of AC in incident hemodialysis patients with hepatitis B and C viral infection. Cases and methods: 172 stage 5 CKD adults (98 male and 74 female) were included; 58 of them were seronegative for both hepatitis B and C (SN group), 48 were positive for hepatitis B virus infection (HBV group) and 66 were hepatitis C virus positive (HCV group). Beside histopathology of the obtained arterial samples, all these cases were examined for body mass index (BMI), serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (AP), serum albumin, uric acid (UA), alanine transaminase (ALT), parathormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23), interleukin 6 (IL6), and 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25 (OH) vit D), hemoglobin concentration, and serum ferritin. RESULTS: 86 (50%) of the cases had AC; 11 of them were in SN group (19%), 9 in HBV group (18.8%) and all the 66 CV group (100%). In SN group, 4 had intimal calcification, 5 had medial calcification, and 2 had both intimal and medial calcification. In HBV group, 9 had intimal calcification, while no cases were encountered with either medial or both site calcifications. In HCV group, 16 had intimal calcification, 31 had medial calcification, and 19 had both intimal and medial calcification. Calcification was in the form of spots in one case in SN group, and 6 cases in HBV group, a single plaque of calcification in 5 cases of SN group, 3 cases of HBV group, and 16 cases of HCV group, multiple plaques were detected in 4 cases in SN group, and 31 cases in HCV group, and diffuse calcification in one case in SN group, and 19 cases in HCV group. In HBV group, calcification was only detected in patients with high viremia, while all patients with low or moderate viremia were devoid of calcification. In HCV group, all patients with low viremia had intimal solitary plaque of calcification, all patients with moderate viremia had multiple plaques of medial calcification, while all patients with high viremia had diffuse intimal and medial calcification. Both groups of viral hepatitis were significantly different in comparison to SN group in either distribution or calcification score (P < 0.001 in all). HBV group had significantly lower serum P, CaxP and PTH in comparison to SN group (4.6±0.66 vs. 5.45±0.77mg/dL, 36.4±7.2 vs. 44.1±8.69, and 348±65.4 vs. 405.9±83.2pg/mL, P<0.001, <0.001, and 0.035 respectively). On the other hand, HCV group did not show any significant difference in any of the studied parameters compared to SN group. CONCLUSION: HCV positive patients are more prone to develop AC that is more extensive. HBV positive patients were less likely to have arterial medial calcification, probably related to lower serum phosphorus, CaxP product and PTH. HCV infection should be added as risk factor for AC among CKD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings

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Impact of hepatitis virus infection on arterial calcification among incident hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: The impact of hepatitis virus infection on arterial calcification (AC) was not studied. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence, severity and distribution of AC in incident hemodialysis patients with hepatitis B and C viral infection. CASES AND METHODS: 172 stage 5 CKD adults (98 male and 74 female) were included; 58 of them were seronegative for both hepatitis B and C (SN group), 48 were positive for hepatitis B virus infection (HBV group) and 66 were hepatitis C virus positive (HCV group). Beside histopathology of the obtained arterial samples, all these cases were examined for body mass index (BMI), serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (AP), serum albumin, uric acid (UA), alanine transaminase (ALT), parathormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23), interleukin 6 (IL6), and 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25 (OH) vit D), hemoglobin concentration, and serum ferritin. RESULTS: 86 (50%) of the cases had AC; 11 of them were in SN group (19%), 9 in HBV group (18.8%) and all the 66 HCV group (100%). In SN group, 4 had intimal calcification, 5 had medial calcification, and 2 had both intimal and medial calcification. In HBV group, 9 had intimal calcification, while no cases were encountered with either medial or both site calcifications. In HCV group, 16 had intimal calcification, 31 had medial calcification, and 19 had both intimal and medial calcification. Calcification was in the form of spots in one case in SN group, and 6 cases in HBV group, a single plaque of calcification in 5 cases of SN group, 3 cases of HBV group, and 16 cases of HCV group, multiple plaques were detected in 4 cases in SN group, and 31 cases in HCV group, and diffuse calcification in one case in SN group, and 19 cases in HCV group. In HBV group, calcification was only detected in patients with high viremia, while all patients with low or moderate viremia were devoid of calcification. In HCV group, all patients with low viremia had intimal solitary plaque of calcification, all patients with moderate viremia had multiple plaques of medial calcification, while all patients with high viremia had diffuse intimal and medial calcification. Both groups of viral hepatitis were significantly different in comparison to SN group in either distribution or calcification score (P<0.001 in all). HBV group had significantly lower serum P, CaxP and PTH in comparison to SN group (4.6±0.66 vs. 5.45±0.77mg/dL, 36.4±7.2 vs. 44.1±8.69, and 348±65.4 vs. 405.9±83.2pg/mL, P<0.001, <0.001, and 0.035 respectively). On the other hand, HCV group did not show any significant difference in any of the studied parameters compared to SN group. CONCLUSION: HCV positive patients are more prone to develop AC that is more extensive. HBV positive patients were less likely to have arterial medial calcification, probably related to lower serum phosphorus, CaxP product and PTH. HCV infection should be added as risk factor for AC among CKD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Spectrum of glomerulonephritis in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A University Hospital experience.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by a variety of nephropathies. It is often difficult to distinguish between disease-associated and drug-associated renal diseases. Three hundred and seventy-six RA patients with renal involvement were included in our study; they were subjected to full history and clinical examination, kidney function, 24-h urinary protein, and kidney biopsy. All our patients were on methotrexate, low dose steroids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to the previous medications. About 79.3%, 20.7%, 6.9%, and 5.9% of our patients were on leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, etanercept, and infliximab, respectively. Renal presentation was in the form of nephrotic syndrome (33.5%), persistent subnephrotic proteinuria (12.2%), persistent proteinuria and recurrent hematuria (13.3%), acute nephritis (23.9), recurrent hematuria (7.4%), and creatinine >1.5 mg/dL (10.6%). Renal biopsies were glomerular amyloidosis (28.1%), mesangioproliferative (19.1%), membranous (6.1%), crescent (16.8%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (18.6%), and minimal changes (11.7%). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of membranous nephritis between patients who took leflunomide, and hydroxychloroquine and those did not. Etanercept in our study seems not to be related to any form of renal involvement, while infliximab is related to focal segmental sclerosis and amyloidosis of tubulointerstitial type. Kidney involvement in RA is not a rare complication. Any type of histopathological changes can be present, with amyloidosis on top of the list. Hydroxychloroquine and leflunomide are accused in membranous nephropathy. Infliximab is associated with focal segmental sclerosis and amyloidosis of tubulointerstial type, and etanercept appear to be safe as regards kidney affection.

Intraoperative Arterial Biopsy in Incident Hemodialysis Patients: Differences Observed.

INTRODUCTION: Arterial calcification (AC) is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients that starts to develop before these patients need renal replacement therapy. In these patients, calcification can involve tunica intima or tunica media. This study has looked for the prevalence, severity, and distribution of arterial wall calcification in incident hemodialysis patients through intraoperative arterial biopsy obtained during creation of arteriovenous vascular access for hemodialysis. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and seventy-two stage 5 CKD adults (98 male and 74 female) were included. Beside histopathology of the obtained arterial samples, all these cases were tested for serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, parathormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and 25 hydroxy vitamin D. RESULTS: Eighty six (50%) of the cases had AC (group I); 29 (17%) as intimal (subgroup Ii), 36 (21%) as medial (subgroup Im), while 21 (12%) had both intimal and medial calcification (subgroup Iim). Eighty-six patients (50%) were devoid of calcification (group II). Apart from the significantly higher serum level of PTH in group I, statistical analysis failed to disclose significant difference in any of the other studied parameters between the 2 groups. On the other hand, there were significant differences in serum P, Ca × P product, serum PTH, and FGF23 between patients according to intensity of calcification. CONCLUSION: Half of incident hemodialysis CKD patients have developed AC mainly in tunica media. Discrepancy in serum P can have an impact on calcification intensity.

Incidence and Characteristics of de novo Renal Cryoglobulinemia After Direct-Acting Antivirals Treatment in an Egyptian Hepatitis C Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: The side effects profile of the new direct--acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: In this cross-sectional study, we aim to describe the incidence and characteristics of a novel observation of de novo renal cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis after successful treatment with DAA. METHODOLOGY: A total of 12,985 Hepatitis C Patients (genotype IV) received the new DAA. After successful treatment, patients with deranged renal functions or proteinuria were referred to the nephrology department for assessment. The clinical manifestations ranged from lower limb edema to the development of purpura skin lesions. Cryoglobulins were tested in the serum using the PCR detection. RESULTS: Fifty patients had detectable de novo cryoglobulins in the serum. The most common type in renal biopsies was membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (52%) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) developed in 46% of cases. CONCLUSION: De novo cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis and progression to CKD may rarely complicate successful treatment of HCV using direct-acting antivirals.

Vitamin D protection from rat diabetic nephropathy is partly mediated through Klotho expression and renin-angiotensin inhibition.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesised that vitamin D has a beneficial renal protective effect from diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS: Four rat groups were included: normal control (control), type 2 diabetes for eight weeks (DM), treated group with angiotensin receptor blocker losartan (DM + L), and vitamin D-treated group started from the onset of diabetes (DM + Vit D). RESULTS: In the both treated groups, we found a significant (p < .05) reduction in the renal pro-inflammatory and profibrotic markers induced by diabetes. Vitamin D caused more reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor (TGFß-1), and renin-angiotensin levels that gave better kidney function compared to the DM + L group. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D may have a valuable role in the renal protective effect from DN, this may occur via expression of its VDR, Klotho and blocking renin-angiotensin activation, so vitamin D should be considered as a target in renal prophylactic measures against DN.

A comparative study of different amniotic membrane orientations during extraocular muscle surgery in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To histopathologically compare the effect of different orientations of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane (AM) transplant during extraocular muscle surgery in rabbits. METHODS: Fifty-two albino rabbit eyes underwent 4-mm resection of the superior rectus. Eyes were randomly divided into four groups. In Group C (Control group, 16 eyes) the muscle was not wrapped with amniotic membrane. In the three AM groups, cryopreserved AM was wrapped around the muscle, oriented with either its stroma (Group S, 15 eyes) or epithelium (Group E, nine eyes) towards the muscle, or folded on itself with the epithelium externally (Group F, 12 eyes). The rabbits were sacrificed and the eyes were enucleated 6 weeks after surgery. Histopathological examination was conducted for periamniotic, foreign body, scleral, and conjunctival inflammation, conjunctival vascularity, adhesions and muscle fibrosis. RESULTS: In all AM eyes, the AM was surrounded by periamniotic inflammation, with no adhesions detected between the muscle and surrounding tissues in the segment where the AM was present, but detected elsewhere. Adhesions were detected in all group C eyes. Foreign body inflammation was significantly less in Group C than in each of the AM groups (p < .05), but was insignificantly different among the three AM groups (p > .05). Scleral inflammation was absent in all specimens. No significant differences were noted among all groups in terms of conjunctival vascularity, conjunctival inflammation, or muscle fibrosis (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: All AM orientations were equally effective in preventing the development of postoperative adhesions between the extraocular muscle and surrounding tissues.

Chronic renal allograft dysfunction in Egyptian population: Histopathological and immunohistochemical study.

The chronic dysfunction stands as the most common cause of renal allograft loss. During the nineties of the past century, this condition was referred to as chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Since 2005, CAN has been assigned by the eighth Banff schema to four main categories via histopathological and immunohistochemical findings including chronic antibodymediated rejection (CAMR), chronic T-cell-mediated rejection (CTMR), chronic cyclosporine toxicity (CNITOX), and "interstitial fibrosis (IF)/tubular atrophy; not otherwise specified (NOS)" to eliminate the term CAN. We conducted a retrospective study of renal allograft cases with biopsy-proven chronic damage diagnosed at our nephropathology units, between January 2007 and September 2013, to assign them to the defined categories. Differences between groups were tested using one-way analysis of variance. The frequencies of the diagnostic categories were as follow: CNITOX (43.1%), CAMR (27.5%), CTMR (17.6%), and NOS (11.8%). The serum creatinine level, time posttransplant, and global sclerosis frequency were insignificant among the categories. Nine categorized cases showed transplant glomerulopathy; five of them were seen in association with CAMR. There was a positive relationship between the number of interstitial CD8 + T cells and the degree of IF in CTMR cases. Two cases showed combined features of CAMR and CTMR. Protocol renal allograft biopsy starting 3 months after transplantation with proper monitoring and adjustment of the calcineurin inhibitors level may reduce the potential risk of chronic damage in renal allograft.

Impact of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus intravitreal bevacizumab on retrobulbar hemodynamic in patients with diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare retrobulbar hemodynamic changes measured with color Doppler imaging (CDI) in diabetic patients receiving intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) versus bevacizumab. METHODS: Patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema were assessed prospectively by CDI following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (group I, 12 eyes) versus bevacizumab (group II, 14 eyes). CDI was used to measure the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the resistive index (RI) of the central retinal artery (CRA), ophthalmic artery (OA) and posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) one day preoperatively and one week postoperatively. RESULTS: In group I, EDV of OA and CRA decreased significantly (p = 0.007 and 0.018, respectively). The PSV and RI of PCA decreased significantly (p = 0.035 and 0.002, respectively). In group II, both the PSV and EDV of the CRA decreased significantly (p = 0.000). Comparing the percentage of change in both groups, PSV of the CRA decreased significantly in group II (p = 0.034), while IVTA has more significant effect on the ophthalmic artery hemodynamic parameters as EDV decreased and RI increased significantly (p = 0.045 and 0.043, respectively) CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab have a significant effect on the ocular hemodynamic. The effect of bevacizumab is statistically significant on the PSV of CRA compared to IVTA.