ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Recent evidence has highlighted the benefits of early detection and treatment for better clinical outcomes in patients with psychosis. Biological markers of the disease have become a focal point of research. This study aimed to identify protein markers detectable in the early stages of psychosis and indicators of progression by comparing them with those of healthy controls (HC) and first episode psychosis (FEP). STUDY DESIGN: The participants comprised 28 patients in the clinical high-risk (CHR) group, 49 patients with FEP, and 61 HCs aged 15-35 years. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry to measure the expression of 158 peptide targets. Data were adjusted for age, sex, and use of psychotropic drugs. STUDY RESULTS: A total of 18 peptides (17 proteins) differed significantly among the groups. The protein PRDX2 was higher in the FEP group than in the CHR and HC groups and showed increased expression according to disease progression. The levels of six proteins were significantly higher in the FEP group than in the CHR group. Nine proteins differed significantly in the CHR group compared to the other groups. Sixteen proteins were significantly correlated with symptom severity. These proteins are primarily related to the coagulation cascade, inflammatory response, brain structure, and synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that peripheral protein markers reflect disease progression in patients with psychosis. Further longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings and to identify the specific roles of these markers in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Psychotic Disorders , Schizophrenia , Humans , Proteomics , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Brain/pathology , Disease ProgressionABSTRACT
The hypothalamus plays a central role in the integrated regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains a population of neurons that express orexigenic and anorexigenic factors and is thought to control feeding behavior via several neuronal circuits. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis of low-fat control diet- (LFD-) and high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced hypothalamic ARC was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) related to changes in body weight. In the ARC in the hypothalamus, 6621 proteins (FDR < 0.01) were detected, and 178 proteins were categorized as DEPs (89 upregulated and 89 downregulated in the HFD group). Among the Gene Ontology molecular function terms associated with the DEPs, protein binding was the most significant. Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (Frs2) and SHC adaptor protein 3 (Shc3) were related to protein binding and involved in the neurotrophin signaling pathway according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Furthermore, high-precision quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that the protein profile of the ARC in mice with HFD-induced obesity differed from that in LFD mice, thereby offering insight into the molecular basis of feeding regulation and suggesting Frs2 and Shc3 as novel treatment targets for central anorexigenic signal induction.
Subject(s)
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism , Proteome/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Diet, Fat-Restricted , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Down-Regulation , Feeding Behavior , Gene Ontology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Nerve Growth Factors/genetics , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/genetics , Protein Binding , Proteome/genetics , Proteomics , Signal Transduction , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Discovery of a novel antibody would enable diagnosis and early treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. The aim was to discover a novel antibody targeting a synaptic receptor and characterize the pathogenic mechanism. METHOD: We screened for unknown antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from autoimmune encephalitis patients. Samples with reactivity to rat brain sections and no reactivity to conventional antibody tests underwent further processing for antibody discovery, using immunoprecipitation to primary neuronal cells, mass-spectrometry analysis, an antigen-binding assay on an antigen-overexpressing cell line, and an electrophysiological assay with cultured hippocampal neurons. RESULTS: Two patients had a novel antibody against CaV α2δ (voltage-gated calcium channel alpha-2/delta subunit). The patient samples stained neuropils of the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortex in rat brain sections and bound to a CaV α2δ-overexpressing cell line. Knockdown of CaV α2δ expression in cultured neurons turned off the immunoreactivity of the antibody from the patients to the neurons. The patients were associated with preceding meningitis or neuroendocrine carcinoma and responded to immunotherapy. In cultured neurons, the antibody reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals by interfering with tight coupling of calcium channels and exocytosis. INTERPRETATION: Here, we discovered a novel autoimmune encephalitis associated with anti-CaV α2δ antibody. Further analysis of the antibody in autoimmune encephalitis might promote early diagnosis and treatment. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:740-752.
Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/immunology , Encephalitis/immunology , Hashimoto Disease/immunology , Adolescent , Aged , Animals , Antibodies/cerebrospinal fluid , Cells, Cultured , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Encephalitis/diagnosis , Exocytosis , Female , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Hashimoto Disease/diagnosis , Hippocampus/immunology , Humans , Immunoprecipitation , Male , Neurons/immunology , Neuropil/immunology , Presynaptic Terminals/immunology , RatsABSTRACT
Long-term memory formation is attributed to experience-dependent gene expression. Dynamic changes in histone methylation are essential for the epigenetic regulation of memory consolidation-related genes. Here, we demonstrate that the plant homeodomain finger protein 2 (PHF2) histone demethylase is upregulated in the mouse hippocampus during the experience phase and plays an essential role in memory formation. PHF2 promotes the expression of memory-related genes by epigenetically reinforcing the TrkB-CREB signaling pathway. In behavioral tests, memory formation is enhanced by transgenic overexpression of PHF2 in mice, but is impaired by silencing PHF2 in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological studies reveal that PHF2 elevates field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and NMDA receptor-mediated evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in CA1 pyramidal neurons, suggesting that PHF2 promotes long-term potentiation. This study provides insight into the epigenetic regulation of learning and memory formation, which advances our knowledge to improve memory in patients with degenerative brain diseases.
