Influence paradigms of soil moisture on land surface energy partitioning under different climatic conditions.

Soil moisture (SM) directly controls the land surface energy partition which plays an important role in the formation of extreme weather events. However, its dependence on specific climatic conditions is not thoroughly understood due to the complexity of soil moisture effects. Here, we examine the relationship between SM and surface energy partitioning under different climate conditions, and identify the influence paradigms of soil moisture on surface energy partition. We find that temperature changes can explicitly determine the impact paradigm of different physical processes, i.e. evapotranspiration, soil freezing and thawing, and such influence paradigms are also affected by atmospheric aridity (VPD). Globally, there are five paradigms that effects on surface energy partitioning, including the warm-wet paradigm (WW), transitional paradigm (TP), warm-dry paradigm (WD), cool-wet paradigm (CW) and cold paradigm (CP). Since 1981, the global area proportion for TP is observed to increase pronouncedly. We also find that the critical SM threshold exhibits regional variations and the global average is 0.45 m3/m3. The identified paradigms and their long-term change trends provide new insights into the global intensification of land-atmosphere interaction, which has important implications for global warming and the formation of heatwaves.

Combined influence of soil moisture and atmospheric humidity on land surface temperature under different climatic background.

Soil moisture (SM) and atmospheric humidity (AH) are crucial climatic variables that significantly affect the climate system. However, the combined influencing mechanisms of SM and AH on the land surface temperature (LST) under global warming are still unclear. Here, we systematically analyzed the interrelationships among annual mean values of SM, AH, and LST using ERA5-Land reanalysis data and revealed the role of SM and AH on the spatiotemporal variations of LST through mechanism analysis and regression methods. The results showed that net radiation, SM, and AH could well model the long-term variability of LST well and explain 92% of the variability. Moreover, SM played an essential and different role under the different LST backgrounds. The AH always displayed a greenhouse effect on the LST. This study provides essential insights into the global climate change mechanism from the surface hydrothermal processes perspective.

Surgical Strategies for Siewert Type II Esophagogastric Junction Carcinomas: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aim: To determine the ideal surgical approach for Siewert type II EGJ carcinomas. Methods: We conducted the randomized controlled trial (RCT) at Shanxi Cancer Hospital from January 2014 to August 2016. A total of 105 patients with T1-4N1-3M0 Siewert type II EGJ carcinomas were initially recruited. The final follow-up was up to June 30, 2019. Patients were randomized to undergo either a proximal gastrectomy plus jejunal interposition (PG+JI), proximal gastrectomy plus esophagogastrostomy (PG+EG), or total gastrectomy plus Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (TG+RY). The primary endpoint was postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 5-year survival and recovery indexes. Results: Among 105 patients, 100 patients (95.2%; mean age, 56.2 years) with tumors <3cm in size underwent surgery: PG+JI (n=33) vs. PG+EG (n=33) and TG+RY (n=34); 91 patients completed the study. Among the groups, the PG+JI group had the longest reconstruction time: 34.11 ± 6.10 min vs. 21.97 ± 3.30 min (PG+EG) vs. 30.56 ± 4.26 min (TG+RY); p<0.001. There was no postoperative mortality. In the per-protocol analysis, the PG+JI group showed a decreased tendency in complication rate: 6.9% vs. 23.3% (PG+EG) vs. 18.8% (TG+RY), but there was no significant difference. For recovery indexes, the TG+RY group had the lowest values of the amount of single meal, weight loss, hemoglobin, albumin, pepsin, and gastrin among the three groups. There was no significant difference among the three groups in 5-year survival. Conclusions: Proximal gastrectomy is preferable for T1-4N1-3M0 Siewert type II EGJ carcinomas with tumors <3cm in size because of its better nutrition status under similar postoperative complication to total gastrectomy. Jejunal interposition can be recommended as a optional reconstruction approach after proximal gastrectomy. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR-IIR-16007733.

The global spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land surface-air temperature difference and its influencing factors.

The water and energy in the land surface and lower atmosphere have a strong coupling relationship. Apart from the land surface temperature (Ts) and air temperature (Ta), the land surface-air temperature difference (Ts-Ta) is also an essential parameter reflecting the coupling process. However, the global spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of Ts-Ta remain not well explored. Here, ERA5-land reanalysis data, GIMMS NDVI data, and elevation data were used to analyze the global spatiotemporal heterogeneity and influencing factors of Ts-Ta. It was found that annual mean Ts-Ta exhibited a decreasing trend from the equator to polar areas. And the annual Ts-Ta increased at 0.009 °C/10a from 1981 to 2020. The variations of global net radiation mainly determined the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of global Ts-Ta. The different properties of the land surface and near-surface atmosphere were the main factors affecting the Ts-Ta, including soil moisture, vegetation, snow cover, and the water vapor content in the atmosphere. In addition, Ts and Ta also affected each other. These findings are conducive to a better understanding of the land-atmosphere coupling, and it is of great significance to take better measures to adapt the global climate change.

Influence patterns of soil moisture change on surface-air temperature difference under different climatic background.

The surface-air temperature difference (Ts-Ta) is the main contributor to the sensible heat flux, and also an important indicator for land degradation. However, as the main influencing factor, the effect of soil moisture (SM) on Ts-Ta at the global scale has not been well articulated. Here, based on the ERA5-land reanalysis data from 1981 to 2019, the impacts of SM on Ts-Ta were studied. It was found that Ts-Ta over 54% of the global land increased, and SM across 70.7% of the world land decreased. In the increased SM areas, the increased soil evaporation weakened the increasing trend of Ts resulting in smaller Ts-Ta. In the decreased SM areas, the latent heat flux increased with soil evaporation and Ts-Ta decreased when SM was relatively high, and the larger sensible heat flux due to decreased soil evaporation aggravated Ts-Ta when SM was relatively low. The effect of SM on Ts-Ta presented nonlinear relationship due to the different background value of SM and temperature. The variation of SM at low SM or low temperature areas had an amplification effect on Ts-Ta. These findings will provide new insights into the different regional characteristics of global changing climate and the improvement of land degradation assessment indicators.

Highly Luminescent Copper Nanoclusters Stabilized by Ascorbic Acid for the Quantitative Detection of 4-Aminoazobenzene.

As one of the widely studied metal nanoclusters, the preparation of copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) by a facile method with high fluorescence performance has been the interest of researchers. In this paper, a simple, green, clean, and time-saving chemical etching method was used to synthesize water-soluble Cu NCs using ascorbic acid (AA) as the reducing agent. The as-prepared Cu NCs showed strong green fluorescence (with a quantum yield as high as 33.6%) and high ion stability, and good antioxidant activity as well. The resultant Cu NCs were used for the detection of 4-aminoazobenzene (one of 24 kinds of prohibited textile compounds) in water with a minimum detection limit of 1.44 µM, which has good potential for fabric safety monitoring.

N2O emission characteristics and its affecting factors in rain-fed potato fields in Wuchuan County, China.

Representing an important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from cultivated land is a hot topic in current climate change research. This study examined the influences of nitrogen fertilisation, temperature and soil moisture on the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene copy numbers and N2O emission characteristics. The experimental observation of N2O fluxes was based on the static chamber-gas chromatographic method. The ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) gene copy numbers in different periods were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results indicated that rain-fed potato field was a N2O source, and the average annual N2O emission was approximately 0.46 ± 0.06 kgN2O-N/ha/year. N2O emissions increased significantly with increase in fertilisation, temperatures below 19.6 °C and soil volumetric water content under 15%. Crop rotation appreciably decreases N2O emissions by 34.4 to 52.4% compared to continuous cropping in rain-fed potato fields. The significant correlation between N2O fluxes and AOB copy numbers implied that N2O emissions were primarily controlled by AOB in rain-fed potato fields. The research has important theoretical and practical value for understanding N2O emissions from rain-fed dry farmland fields.

The influence of nitrogen fertiliser rate and crop rotation on soil methane flux in rain-fed potato fields in Wuchuan County, China.

As one of the important greenhouse gases, the characteristics and principles of methane exchange characteristics in cultivated lands have become hot topics in current climate change research. This study examines the influences of nitrogen fertilisation, temperature and soil water content on methane exchange characteristic and methane exchange functional gene-pmoA gene abundance based on experimental observations of methane exchange fluxes using the static chamber-gas chromatographic method and measurements of methanotroph gene copy numbers in three growing periods by real-time PCR in rain-fed potato fields. The results indicate that the rain-fed potato fields were a CH4 sink with an average annual methane absorption (negative emission) of 940.8±103.2 g CH4-C/ha/year. The cumulative methane absorption first exhibited flat and subsequently increasing trend with the increase of nitrogen fertilisation from 0~135 kg N·ha(-1). Methane cumulative absorption significantly increased with the increase of temperature when temperatures were below 19.6 °C. Methane oxidation capacity (methanotroph pmoA gene copy numbers) showed an increasing and subsequently decreasing trend with the increase of soil moisture. Crop rotation was observed to increase the methane absorption in rain-fed potato fields and nearly one time higher than that under continuous cropping. A mechanism concept model of the methane exchange in rain-fed potato fields was advanced in this paper.