ABSTRACT
Sarcopenia and obesity are emerging as major social problems. In this study, we examined whether Gryllus bimaculatus (GB), an edible insect, prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. We generated a standard chow diet (SCD) + GB (85% SCD and 15% GB powder) and HFD + GB (85% HFD and 15% GB powder). SCD + GB feeding increased gains in body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT). Despite no difference in weight change between HFD + GB- and HFD-fed mice, HFD + GB feeding aggravated insulin resistance compared with HFD feeding. SCD + GB or HFD + GB feeding did not change most gene expressions in the liver and WAT but did increase MyHC1 expression in the muscle, meaning that GB increased muscle generation. Therefore, we fed SCD + GB with dexamethasone, which induces muscle degeneration. As a result, muscle fiber size increased, as did grip strength compared with dexamethasone-injected mice. In addition, SCD + GB reduced the expression of muscle degradation factors, such as atrogin1 and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). Furthermore, SCD + GB feeding increased Akt, mTOR, and p70S6K phosphorylation and MyHC1 expression, meaning that it may have increased protein synthesis. In conclusion, GB has great potential for inhibiting dexamethasone-induced muscle mass loss by increasing muscle protein synthesis and inhibiting muscle protein degradation.
ABSTRACT
Inflammation and the inflammasome complex formation are associated with numerous diseases, and palmitates or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been identified as potential links between these disorders. Recently, edible insects such as the Gryllus bimaculatus (GB) and the larva of Tenebrio molitor have emerged as alternative food sources. In the present study, the effect of GB on LPS or palmitateinduced production of inflammatory cytokines, the formation of the inflammasome complex, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death was investigated in RAW264.7 cells. The results revealed that GB extract downregulated the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as TNFα, IL1ß and IL6). Since the role of the MAP kinase and NFκB signalling pathways in the production of inflammatory cytokines is well established, the translocation of p65 into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκB and MAP kinases were further examined. Both these processes were upregulated following LPS and palmitate treatment, but they were inhibited by the GB extract. Moreover, GB extract decreased LPS/palmitateinduced inflammasome complex formation (assessed via analysing the levels of the apoptosisassociated specklike protein containing a caspaserecruitment domain, NODlike receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, cleaved caspase1 and IL1ß), the generation of ROS, ER stress and cell death. Treatment with SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor), SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (an NFκB inhibitor) decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines, as well as helped in the recovery of LPS/palmitateinduced cell death. Overall, GB extract served an inhibitory role in LPS/palmitateinduced inflammation via inhibiting the MAP kinase and NFκB signalling pathways, inflammasome complex formation, ROS generation, ER stress and cell death.
Subject(s)
Complex Mixtures/pharmacology , Cytokines/metabolism , Gryllidae/chemistry , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Palmitates/toxicity , Animals , Complex Mixtures/chemistry , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Inflammation/chemically induced , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Mice , NF-kappa B/metabolism , RAW 264.7 CellsABSTRACT
[This corrects the article on p. 40 in vol. 28, PMID: 31089578.].
ABSTRACT
Obesity increases the risks of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, ultimately contributing to mortality. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO) was established to improve the management of obesity through research and education; to that end, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of KSSO reviews systemic evidence using expert panels to develop clinical guidelines. The clinical practice guidelines for obesity were revised in 2018 using National Health Insurance Service Health checkup data from 2006 to 2015. Following these guidelines, we added a category, class III obesity, which includes individuals with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2. Agreeing with the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Asian Pacific Chapter consensus, we determined that bariatric surgery is indicated for Korean patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 and for Korean patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 who have comorbidities. The new guidelines focus on guiding clinicians and patients to manage obesity more effectively. Our recommendations and treatment algorithms can serve as a guide for the evaluation, prevention, and management of overweight and obesity.