The phylogenetic relationship and demographic history of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in subtropical and temperate regions, China.

Pleistocene climatic oscillations exerted significant influences on the genetic structure and demography of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in eastern China. However, the evolutionary history of rhesus macaques in subtropical and temperate China remained unclear and/or controversial. Herein, we analyzed the autosomes, mitochondrial genomes, and Y-chromosomes from 84 individuals of Chinese rhesus macaque. The results revealed that (1) all individuals were clustered into pan-west and pan-east genetic groups, which exhibited Shaanxi Province as the northernmost region of western dispersal route of rhesus macaques in China; (2) in subtropical and temperate China, rhesus macaques were divided into four lineages (TH, DB, HS, and QL), and their divergence times corresponded to the Penultimate Glaciation (300-130 kya) and Last Glaciation (70-10 kya), respectively; (3) the individuals from Mt. Taihangshan (TH) are closely related to individuals from Mt. Dabashan (DB) in the autosomal tree, rather than individuals from Mt. Huangshan (HS) as indicated by the mitogenome tree, which supports the hypothesis that the ancestral rhesus macaques radiated into Mt. Taihangshan from Mt. Huangshan via Mt. Dabashan; and (4) the demographic scenario of the four lineages showed the ancestral rhesus macaques bottleneck and expansion corresponding to the suitable habitat reduction and expansion, which confirmed they had experienced northward recolonization and southward retreat events from Mt. Huangshan area via Northern China Plain to Northernmost China along with Pleistocene glacial cycles. This study provides a new insight into understanding how Pleistocene glaciation has influenced faunal diversity in subtropical and temperate China, especially for those exhibiting differential patterns of sex dispersal.

Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in the older non-hospitalized population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenic obesity emerges as a risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in non-hospitalized older adults, including physical disabilities, metabolic diseases, and even mortality. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the overall SO prevalence in non-hospitalized adults aged ≥ 65 years and assessed the sociodemographic, clinicobiological, and lifestyle factors related to SO. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for studies reporting the prevalence of SO from database inception to October 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, evaluated the study quality, and extracted the data. Both fixed- and random-effects models were used in the meta-analysis to estimate the pooled SO prevalence and perform subgroup analyses. Publication and sensitivity bias analyses were performed to test the robustness of the associations. RESULTS: Among 46 studies eligible for review and a total of 71,757 non-hospitalized older adults, the combined prevalence of SO was 14% (95% CI:11-17%, I2 = 99.5%, P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis according to lifestyle factors demonstrated that the SO prevalence was 17% (95% CI: 8-29%, I2 = 99.5%, P < 0.01) in older adults without exercise habits. Regarding clinicobiological factors, older adults with a history of falls (15% [95% CI: 10-22%, I2 = 82%, P < 0.01]), two or more chronic diseases (19% [95% CI: 10-29%, I2 = 97%, P < 0.01]), functional impairment (33% [95% CI: 29-37%, I2 = 0%, P = 0.95]), cognitive impairment (35% [95% CI: 9-65%, I2 = 83%, P = 0.02]), osteoporosis (20% [95% CI: 8-35%, I2 = 96%, P < 0.01]), high fasting glucose level (17% [95% CI: 1-49%, I2 = 98%, P < 0.01]), or the use of antipsychotics (13% [95% CI: 2-28%, I2 = 0%, P = 0.32]) exhibited a higher SO prevalence. CONCLUSION: SO prevalence is high among non-hospitalized older adults, especially those with functional and cognitive impairments. Thus, SO is a potential problem for the aging population; implementation of planned interventions in the community is needed to reduce the prevalence and adverse outcomes of SO.

Phylogeography and demographic history of macaques, fascicularis species group, in East Asia: Inferred from multiple genomic markers.

Climate changes at larger scales have influenced dispersal and range shifts of many taxa in East Asia. The fascicularis species group of macaques is composed of four species and is widely distributed in Southeast and East Asia. However, its phylogeography and demographic histories are currently poorly understood. Herein, we assembled autosomal, mitogenome, and Y-chromosome data for 106 individuals, and combined them with 174 mtDNA dloop haplotypes of this species group, with particular focus on the demographic histories and dispersal routes of Macaca fuscata, M. cyclopis, and M. mulatta. The results showed: (1) three monophyletic clades for M. fuscata, M. cyclopis, and M. mulatta based on the multiple genomics analyses; (2) the disparate demographic trajectories of the three species after their split ∼1.0 Ma revealed that M. cyclopis and M. fuscata were derived from an ancestral M. mulatta population; (3) the speciation time of M. cyclopis was later than that of M. fuscata, and their divergence time occurred at the beginning of "Ryukyu Coral Sea Stage" (1.0-0.2 Ma) when the East China Sea land bridge was completely submerged by the sea level rose; and (4) the three parallel rivers (Nujiang, Lancangjiang, and Jinshajiang) of Southwestern China divided M. mulatta into Indian and Chinese genetic populations ∼200 kya. These results shed light on understanding not only the evolutionary history of the fascicularis species group but also the formation mechanism of faunal diversity in East Asia during the Pleistocene.

Surgical outcomes of bilateral lateral rectus recession versus unilateral recession and resection for the divergence excess type of intermittent exotropia.

Purpose: To compare bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR) with unilateral recession and resection (RR) for divergence excess intermittent exotropia (IXT). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 66 patients with divergence excess IXT who underwent either BLR or RR from January 2013 to December 2020 was conducted. Data on demographics, pre- and postoperative deviations, fusion, stereopsis, control, and accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio were collected. Success was defined as esodeviation ≤5 PD (prism diopter) to exodeviation ≤10 PD with a follow-up time of at least 8.0 ± 2.0 weeks. Results: BLR (42 cases) and RR (24 cases) groups had the same success rate (83.3%, P = 0.688) and similar reduced postoperative deviations both in distance and at near (P > 0.05). Near-distance disparity decreased significantly in both groups (P = 0.000) with no intergroup difference (P = 0.193). Conclusion: BLR and RR were equally effective for divergence excess IXT with comparable outcomes of both distance and near deviations.

Supernumerary Extraocular Muscle: A Rare Cause of Atypical Restrictive Strabismus.

Background and objectives: Supernumerary extraocular muscle (SEOM) is extremely rare. The purpose of this paper was to review the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of SEOM patients with atypical restrictive strabismus. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on the data from 12 SEOM cases. Pre- and post-operative measurements consisted of visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility, binocular vision, and imaging. Management strategies included either conservative or surgical treatments. Results: Of the 12 cases reviewed (seven females, five males), the mean ± SD age was 14.3 ± 10.6 years (range: 4-38 years). The right eye was affected in six cases, the left in five, and both eyes in one case. The major clinical manifestations included restrictive ocular motility (12 cases), with seven cases in no less than three directions; varying degrees of horizontal or vertical strabismus; ipsilateral amblyopia (10 cases); and unequal palpebral aperture (10 cases). Imaging results revealed muscular bands originating from the annulus of Zinn and insertion into the globe or other recti, as well as anomalous muscular bands connecting two or more recti, sometimes with optic nerve involvement. Three patients received conservative treatment, while rectus recession with or without resection (seven patients) or rectus disinsertion plus globe fixation (two patients) were performed in those receiving surgical treatments. A surgical success was achieved in four cases. Conclusions: For restrictive strabismus, imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of SEOM. When the SEOM is difficult to resect, a personalized surgical strategy may be required to achieve a good ocular alignment.

Not All Instances Contribute Equally: Instance-Adaptive Class Representation Learning for Few-Shot Visual Recognition.

Few-shot visual recognition refers to recognize novel visual concepts from a few labeled instances. Many few-shot visual recognition methods adopt the metric-based meta-learning paradigm by comparing the query representation with class representations to predict the category of query instance. However, the current metric-based methods generally treat all instances equally and consequently often obtain biased class representation, considering not all instances are equally significant when summarizing the instance-level representations for the class-level representation. For example, some instances may contain unrepresentative information, such as too much background and information of unrelated concepts, which skew the results. To address the above issues, we propose a novel metric-based meta-learning framework termed instance-adaptive class representation learning network (ICRL-Net) for few-shot visual recognition. Specifically, we develop an adaptive instance revaluing network (AIRN) with the capability to address the biased representation issue when generating the class representation, by learning and assigning adaptive weights for different instances according to their relative significance in the support set of corresponding class. In addition, we design an improved bilinear instance representation and incorporate two novel structural losses, i.e., intraclass instance clustering loss and interclass representation distinguishing loss, to further regulate the instance revaluation process and refine the class representation. We conduct extensive experiments on four commonly adopted few-shot benchmarks: miniImageNet, tieredImageNet, CIFAR-FS, and FC100 datasets. The experimental results compared with the state-of-the-art approaches demonstrate the superiority of our ICRL-Net.