Lecithinized copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase ameliorates ischemia-induced myocardial damage.

We have reported that lecithin-conjugated recombinant human Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (lecithinized SOD) has greater pharmacological potency than unmodified SOD through an increase in cell membrane affinity and half-life in plasma. Recently, ischemia or hypoxia alone has been suggested to result in increased superoxide anions, which lead to apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. We tested the effect of lecithinized SOD in reducing the infarct size following prolonged myocardial ischemia without reperfusion. Rats were subjected to a 24-h left coronary occlusion. Lecithinized SOD, unmodified SOD, free lecithin derivative or PBS was administered intravenously 30 min before coronary occlusion. SOD concentration of the heart, measured by ELISA, was higher in the lecithinized SOD-treated group than in the other groups 24 h after administration. The infarct area ratio of the heart, assessed by TTC staining, in the lecithinized SOD-treated group was significantly smaller than those of the other groups. Both TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes and DNA laddering were attenuated in the ischemic area of the heart treated with lecithinized SOD. Single bolus administration of lecithinized SOD had a cardioprotective effect against ischemia without reperfusion in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction, possibly due to its sustained high tissue concentration.

Lecithinized Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase limits the infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts in vivo.

Covalent binding of 4 molecules of phosphatidylcholine palmitoyl to human recombinant superoxide dismutase (SOD) results in a compound (lecithinized SOD) that has a longer half-life and greater affinity to the cell membrane than unmodified SOD. We investigated whether lecithinized SOD played a protective role against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats. Rats underwent 45 min of myocardial ischemia by occluding the left coronary artery followed by 120 min of reperfusion. They were randomly assigned to receive either lecithinized SOD, polyethylene glycol conjugated SOD (PEG-SOD), unmodified SOD, free lecithin derivative, or PBS intravenously at 5 min prior to reperfusion. Myocardial infarct area assessed by TTC staining was smaller in lecithinized SOD group than PEG-SOD, unmodified SOD, free lecithin derivative or control group. Blood pressure and heart rate was similar in each group. ELISA demonstrated SOD level in the heart was significantly high in lecithinized SOD group, especially in the heart of ischemia at risk. Although serum SOD level of PEG-SOD was as high as lecithinized SOD, SOD level of the heart was low. These data suggested lecithinized SOD had a protective effect in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries through its increased bioavailability.

Induction of heme oxygenase-1 can act protectively against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion in vivo.

Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species plays a role in myocardial injury following ischemia/reperfusion. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a heme-catabolizing enzyme that is induced by and acts against oxidant-induced tissue injury. We examined whether HO-1 expression was regulated following ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart. HO-1 expression increased as early as 24 h after reperfusion. Strong HO-1 expression was seen in monocytes/macrophages and myofibroblasts. Next, we examined whether the induction of HO-1 could ameliorate cardiac injury following ischemia/reperfusion. Intraperitoneal hemin injection (30 mg/kg/day) for 2 days prior to the operation resulted in an about 2.8-fold increase in HO-1 expression in the rat heart. Hemin treatment significantly decreased infarct area (6 +/- 2%) compared to the control (21 +/- 2%), which was reversed by the coadministration of an HO inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. Our data suggest that induction of HO-1 can reduce the cardiac injury in vivo following ischemia/reperfusion.

Lecithinized copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase ameliorates prolonged hypoxia-induced injury of cardiomyocytes.

Recent studies have suggested that prolonged hypoxia results in increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes, which leads to apoptosis of these cells. We previously showed that lecithinized recombinant human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (rhSOD) showed increased bioavailability through greater membrane affinity and a longer half-life than unmodified SOD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lecithinized SOD plays a protective role against hypoxic injury in cardiomyocytes. Cultured rat cardiomyocytes incubated with lecithinized SOD (100 U/ml), unmodified SOD (100 U/ml), or vehicle alone were subjected to hypoxia for up to 72 h. Lecithinized SOD, but not unmodified SOD, was successfully delivered intracellularly, which was verified by Western blot and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Treatment of cells with lecithinized SOD significantly suppressed hypoxia-induced cell damage. Since lecithinized SOD also suppressed hypoxia-induced DNA fragmentation, the improved cell survival provided by lecithinized SOD is thought to be mediated by its antiapoptotic effect. In summary, lecithinization resulted in a facilitated rhSOD delivery into cultured cardiomyocytes, which reduced mortality of cardiomyocytes exposed to prolonged hypoxia.

Increased aggregation of human platelets produced by advanced glycation end products in vitro.

Advanced glyco-oxidation end products (AGEs) generate oxygen free radicals that potentiate the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, AGEs may potentiate the aggregation of human platelets through oxidative stress. AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and AGE-poly-L-lysine were evaluated for aggregation of human platelets. Superoxide in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was measured using lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence. The platelet aggregation induced by ADP or U46619 was potentiated by preincubation with AGE-BSA, by 40% and by 59%, P < .05, respectively, vs BSA. Aggregation was increased by AGEs in a dose-dependent manner. The production of superoxide was significantly greater in PRP incubated with AGE-BSA vs BSA. The other Maillard reaction products, such as Amadori-, pentosidine-, and carboxymethyl lysine (CML)-BSA had no effect. Superoxide dismutase or indomethacin abolished the enhancing effect of AGEs on the platelet aggregation. AGEs potentiate platelet aggregation possibly with superoxide anions and prostanoids. AGE-induced potentiation of platelet aggregation may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis.

Novel guide catheter for left coronary intervention via a right upper limb approach.

We designed a novel guide catheter specifically for interventions to the left coronary artery via a right upper limb approach. The catheter has a novel first loop design which utilizes the angle between the right subclavian and innominate arteries for support. The first loop introduces the catheter into the correct position and generates powerful and coaxial back-up power. We report successful implantation of Palmaz-Schatz stents in five cases using this 6 Fr. catheter.