ABSTRACT
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 6. A discussion of methodology for the appropriate selection of reference electrodes is added. In addition, montages are added to assist with localization of abnormal activity in mesial frontal and anterior temporal regions.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/standards , Neurophysiology/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards , Societies, Medical/standards , Electrodes/standards , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
In this article, we review the treatment options for the pediatric epileptic encephalopathies and provide an update on the new and emerging therapies targeted at the underlying pathophysiology of many of these syndromes. We illustrate how the identification of the specific genetic and autoimmune causes has made possible the evaluation and development of novel, better targeted therapies, as and at times, avoidance of potentially offending agents.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/drug therapy , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/drug therapy , Lennox Gastaut Syndrome/drug therapy , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/genetics , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/immunology , Humans , Infant , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/genetics , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome/immunology , Lennox Gastaut Syndrome/genetics , Lennox Gastaut Syndrome/immunology , Spasms, Infantile/genetics , Spasms, Infantile/immunologyABSTRACT
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 6. A discussion of methodology for the appropriate selection of reference electrodes is added. In addition, montages are added to assist with localization of abnormal activity in mesial frontal and anterior temporal regions.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/standards , Electroencephalography/methods , Humans , Neurophysiology , Societies, Medical , United StatesABSTRACT
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 5. While the 10-10 system of electrode position nomenclature has been accepted internationally for almost two decades, it has not been used universally. The reasons for this and clinical scenarios when the 10-10 system provides additional localizing information are discussed in this revision. In addition, situations in which AF1/2, AF5/6, PO1/2 and PO5/6 electrode positions may be utilized for EEG recording are discussed.
Subject(s)
Electrodes , Electroencephalography/methods , Reference Standards , Terminology as Topic , Humans , Neurophysiology , Societies, Medical , United StatesABSTRACT
As the genetic etiologies of an expanding number of epilepsy syndromes are revealed, the complexity of the phenotype genotype correlation increases. As our review will show, multiple gene mutations cause different epilepsy syndromes, making identification of the specific mutation increasingly more important for prognostication and often more directed treatment. Examples of that include the need to avoid specific drugs in Dravet syndrome and the ongoing investigations of the potential use of new directed therapies such as retigabine in KCNQ2-related epilepsies, quinidine in KCNT1-related epilepsies, and memantine in GRIN2A-related epilepsies.
