Unleashing the biomimetic targeting potential of platelet-derived nanocarriers on atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis, the primary mechanism underlying the development of many cardiovascular illnesses, continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Platelet (PLT), which are essential for maintaining body homeostasis, have been strongly linked to the onset of atherosclerosis at various stages due to their inherent tendency to bind to atherosclerotic lesions and show an affinity for plaques. Therefore, mimicking PLT's innate adhesive features may be necessary to effectively target plaques. PLT-derived nanocarriers have emerged as a promising biomimetic targeting strategy for treating atherosclerosis due to their numerous advantages. These advantages include excellent biocompatibility, minimal macrophage phagocytosis, prolonged circulation time, targeting capability for impaired vascular sites, and suitability as carriers for anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Herein, we discuss the role of PLT in atherogenesis and propose the design of nanocarriers based on PLT-membrane coating and PLT-derived vesicles. These nanocarriers can target multiple biological elements relevant to plaque development. The review also emphasizes the current challenges and future research directions for the effective utilization of PLT-derived nanocarriers in treating atherosclerosis.

Effectiveness of early pharmaceutical interventions in symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial.

Objective: We assessed the effectiveness of oral Hydroxychloroquine (HC), Azithromycin (AZ) and Oseltamivir (OS), alone or combined, among patients hospitalized with mildly symptomatic coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). Methods: Following the approval of the National Bioethics Committee and prospective registration (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04338698), a multicenter randomized clinical trial of adaptive design was conducted at 10 multispecialty hospitals in Pakistan. Patients were randomized into seven treatment groups. Starting April 15, 2020, consenting, eligible, otherwise healthy adult patients or those with co-morbidities under control, were recruited if they presented with mildly symptomatic COVID-19 (scored 3 on a 7-point ordinal scale anchored between 1 = not hospitalized, able to undertake normal activities, to 7 = death) confirmed by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Two primary outcomes were assessed by day seven: Turning qRT-PCR negative; and clinical improvement of two points from the baseline. Outcome rates were compared using a chi-square test. Multiple imputations were applied to handle missing data. An interim data analysis was carried out on July 19, 2020, following which the study continued without treatment group changes. Data Safety and Monitoring Board advised to stop recruitment due to its futility on January 18, 2021. Results: Of 471 patients randomized, a total of 426 (90.4%) completed the follow-up for primary outcomes. Based on imputed data analyses at day seven: Total qRT-PCR negative cases were 137/471 (29%, 95% CI 25.0 - 33.4). By day seven, a total of 111/471 (23.5%, 95% CI 19.8 - 27.6) showed clinical improvement. No serious or non-serious adverse event was reported. Conclusions: Among patients with mild COVID-19, there was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of oral antimalarial, antiviral, or antibiotic treatments.Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT04338698.

Bouveret's syndrome: A rare case of gallstone causing gastric outlet obstruction.

Key Clinical Message: The case highlights the importance of decisive action in addressing large gallstones causing gastric outlet obstruction. The chosen single-stage surgical approach reflects the need to manage both obstruction and the gallstone simultaneously. Abstract: Bouveret's syndrome is a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to gallstones entering the enteric system through an acquired cholecystoduodenal fistula. Here, we present the case of an 85-year-old female who presented to our emergency department with gastric outlet obstruction secondary to a large gallstone in the third part of the duodenum. Abdominal X-ray did not demonstrate air-fluid levels but revealed a dilated gastric shadow, suggesting gastric outlet obstruction. EGD showed a dilated stomach and a hard, golf ball-sized gallstone in the duodenum. CT scan showed a distended stomach with a large gallstone obstructing the DJ junction and air in the biliary tree. Findings were suggestive of perforation of the gallbladder with stone impaction in the duodenojejunal (DJ) junction. The patient was managed surgically with a one-stage procedure comprising enterotomy, fistula closure, and cholecystectomy. Although Bouveret's syndrome is rare, it is important for practicing surgeons to have a high index of suspicion for this condition due to the high mortality associated with it.

Max-mixed EWMA control chart for joint monitoring of mean and variance: an application to yogurt packing process.

The Max-Mixed EWMA Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MM EWMA) control chart is a statistical process control technique used for joint monitoring of the mean and variance of a process. This control chart is designed to detect small and moderate shifts in the mean and variance of a process by comparing the maximum of two statistics, one based on the mean and the other on the variance. In this paper, we propose a new MM EWMA control chart. The proposed chart is compared with existing control charts using simulation studies, and the results show that the chart performs better in detecting small and moderate shifts in both the mean and variance. The proposed chart can be helpful in quality control applications, where joint monitoring of mean and variance is necessary to ensure a product's or process's quality. The real-life application of the proposed control chart on yogurt packing in a cup data set shows the outperformance of the MM EWMA control chart. Both simulations & real-life application results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed chart in detecting smaller shifts during the production process.

Embolic Strokes in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Anticoagulation Failure or Something Else?

Infective endocarditis (IE) often presents with various signs and/or symptoms. However, at times, IE can present without outstanding clinical evidence but may carry devastating consequences if not detected and treated. We present a case of an 81-year-old female with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who presented to the emergency department with slurred speech. Her National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was one, and her physical examination was unremarkable. Brain imaging revealed bilateral multiple acute supratentorial and infratentorial infarcts. The patient was fully compliant on apixaban and had a dual-chamber pacemaker placed years earlier at an outside facility for unclear reasons. Although initially suspected to have experienced anticoagulation failure (ACF), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was ordered to evaluate for possible left atrial appendage closure procedure, which disclosed a mobile, echo-bright structure on the mitral valve consistent with IE. Blood cultures returned positive, the patient was treated with IV antibiotics, and apixaban was resumed. It can be challenging to suspect IE clinically, especially in deceptive or insidious cases with no signs/symptoms. Still, ACF is a diagnosis of exclusion, and all sources of embolic stroke (such as IE) must be thoroughly worked up before assuming treatment failure.

Drug carrier wonders: Synthetic strategies of zeolitic imidazolates frameworks (ZIFs) and their applications in drug delivery and anti-cancer activity.

With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have emerged as a feasible choice for the designing of controlled drug delivery systems. Zeolitic imidazolates frameworks are a subclass of Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are recognized by their excellent porosity, structural tunability and chemical modifications make them promising materials for loading targeted molecules and therapeutics agents. The biomedical industry uses these porous materials extensively as nano-carriers in drug delivery systems. These MOFs not only possess excellent targeted imaging ability but also cause the death of tumor cells drawing considerable attention in the current framework of anticancer drug delivery systems. In this review, the outline of stability, porosity, mechanism of encapsulation and release of anticancer drug have been reported extensively. In the end, we also discuss a brief outline of current challenges and future perspectives of ZIFs in the biomedical world.

Harnessing bio-based chelating agents for sustainable synthesis of AgNPs: Evaluating their inherent attributes and antimicrobial potency in conjunction with honey.

Greenly synthesized nanoparticles have garnered attention due to their low environmental footprint, but impurities limit their applications. A novel semi-organic method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bio-based chelating fuels (Beta vulgaris subsp., Spinacia oleracea, and Ipomoea batatas) reduces the undesirable impurities. The study also showcases the impact of bio-based chelating fuel on various characteristics of AgNPs in comparison to synthetic chelating fuel. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs in conjunction with honey was also assessed against E. coli. The XRD analysis showed cubic structure of AgNPs. The FESEM and TEM analysis showed that the well-connected spherical-shaped AgNPs (∼3-120 nm diameter) while EDS confirmed the presence of Ag in all samples. The TEM analysis also revealed layers of carbonates in AgNPs synthesized using bio-based chelating fuels. XPS investigation confirmed the absence of any prominent impurities in prepared samples and AgNPs have not experienced oxidation on their surface. However, notable surface charging effects due to the uneven conductivity of the particles were observed. The broth dilution method showed that all mixtures containing AgNPs in combination with honey exhibited a significant bacterial growth reduction over a period of 120 h. The highest growth reduction of ∼75 % is obtained for the mixture having AgNPs (Ipomoea batatas) while the least growth reduction of ∼51 % is obtained for the mixture having AgNPs (Beta vulgaris subsp.). The findings affirm that AgNPs can be successfully synthesized using bio-based chelating fuels with negligible ecological consequences and devoid of contaminants. Moreover, the synthesized AgNPs can be employed in conjunction with honey for antibacterial purposes.

New adaptive EWMA CV control chart with application to the sintering process.

This research presents a new adaptive exponentially weighted moving average control chart, known as the coefficient of variation (CV) EWMA statistic to study the relative process variability. The production process CV monitoring is a long-term process observation with an unstable mean. Therefore, a new modified adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (AAEWMA) CV monitoring chart using a novel function hereafter referred to as the "AAEWMA CV" monitoring control chart. the novelty of the suggested AAEWMA CV chart statistic is to identify the infrequent process CV changes. A continuous function is suggested to be used to adapt the plotting statistic smoothing constant value as per the process estimated shift size that arises in the CV parametric values. The Monte Carlo simulation method is used to compute the run-length values, which are used to analyze efficiency. The existing AEWMA CV chart is less effective than the proposed AAEWMA CV chart. An industrial data example is used to examine the strength of the proposed AAEWMA CV chart and to clarify the implementation specifics which is provided in the example section. The results strongly recommend the implementation of the proposed AAEWMA CV control chart.

An Artificial Intelligence model for implant segmentation on periapical radiographs.

OBJECTIVE: To segment dental implants on PA radiographs using a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm. To compare the performance of the algorithm relative to ground truth determined by the human annotator. Methodology: Three hundred PA radiographs were retrieved from the radiographic database and consequently annotated to label implants as well as teeth on the LabelMe annotation software. The dataset was augmented to increase the number of images in the training data and a total of 1294 images were used to train, validate and test the DL algorithm. An untrained U-net was downloaded and trained on the annotated dataset to allow detection of implants using polygons on PA radiographs. RESULTS: A total of one hundred and thirty unseen images were run through the trained U-net to determine its ability to segment implants on PA radiographs. The performance metrics are as follows: accuracy of 93.8%, precision of 90%, recall of 83%, F-1 score of 86%, Intersection over Union of 86.4% and loss = 21%. CONCLUSIONS: The trained DL algorithm segmented implants on PA radiographs with high performance similar to that of the humans who labelled the images forming the ground truth.

Visual resource extraction and artistic communication model design based on improved CycleGAN algorithm.

Through the application of computer vision and deep learning methodologies, real-time style transfer of images becomes achievable. This process involves the fusion of diverse artistic elements into a single image, resulting in the creation of innovative pieces of art. This article centers its focus on image style transfer within the realm of art education and introduces an ATT-CycleGAN model enriched with an attention mechanism to enhance the quality and precision of style conversion. The framework enhances the generators within CycleGAN. At first, images undergo encoder downsampling before entering the intermediate transformation model. In this intermediate transformation model, feature maps are acquired through four encoding residual blocks, which are subsequently input into an attention module. Channel attention is incorporated through multi-weight optimization achieved via global max-pooling and global average-pooling techniques. During the model's training process, transfer learning techniques are employed to improve model parameter initialization, enhancing training efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed model in image style transfer across various categories. In comparison to the traditional CycleGAN model, it exhibits a notable increase in structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metrics. Specifically, on the Places365 and selfi2anime datasets, compared with the traditional CycleGAN model, SSIM is increased by 3.19% and 1.31% respectively, and PSNR is increased by 10.16% and 5.02% respectively. These findings provide valuable algorithmic support and crucial references for future research in the fields of art education, image segmentation, and style transfer.

Association between Statin Use and Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced cardiac dysfunction (CIC) is a significant and concerning complication observed among cancer patients. Despite the demonstrated cardioprotective benefits of statins in various cardiovascular diseases, their effectiveness in mitigating CIC remains uncertain. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the potential cardioprotective role of statins in patients with CIC. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify relevant articles published from inception until 10th May 2023. The outcomes were assessed using pooled odds ratio (OR) for categorical data and mean difference (MD) for continuous data, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: This meta-analysis comprised nine studies involving a total of 5532 patients, with 1904 in the statin group and 3628 in the non-statin group. The pooled analysis of primary outcome shows that patients who did not receive statin suffer a greater decline in the LVEF after chemotherapy compared to those who receive statin (MD, 3.55 (95% CI: 1.04-6.05), p = 0.01). Likewise, we observed a significantly higher final mean LVEF among chemotherapy patients with statin compared to the non-statin group of patients (MD, 2.08 (95% CI: 0.86-3.30), p > 0.001). Additionally, there was a lower risk of incident heart failure in the statin group compared to the non-statin group of patients (OR, 0.41 (95% CI: 0.27-0.62), p < 0.001). Lastly, the change in the mean difference for LVEDV was not statistically significant between the statin and non-statin groups (MD, 1.55 (95% CI: -5.22-8.33), p = 0.65). Conclusion: Among patients of CIC, statin use has shown cardioprotective benefits by improving left ventricular function and reducing the risk of heart failure.

Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic heart failure. Recent studies showed that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) could be related to adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We sought to evaluate whether NLR could predict mortality in patients with acute heart failure by means of a meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases through January 2023 for studies evaluating the association of NLR with mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and long-term all-cause mortality. Endpoints were pooled using a random-effects DerSimonian-and-Laird model and were expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) or mean difference (MD) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 15 studies with 15,995 patients with acute heart failure were included in the final study. Stratifying patients based on a cut-off NLR, we found that high NLR was associated with a significantly higher in-hospital mortality [HR 1.54, 95% CI (1.18-2.00), p < 0.001] and long-term all-cause mortality [HR 1.61, 95% CI (1.40-1.86), p < 0.001] compared to the low-NLR group. Comparing the highest against the lowest NLR quartile, it was shown that patients in the highest NLR quartile has a significantly heightened risk of long-term all-cause mortality [HR 1.77, 95% CI (1.38-2.26), p < 0.001] compared to that of lowest NLR quartile. However, the risks of in-hospital mortality were compared between both quartiles of patients [HR 1.78, 95% CI (0.91-3.47), p = 0.09]. Lastly, NLR values were significantly elevated among non-survivors compared to survivors during index hospitalization [MD 5.07, 95% CI (3.34-6.80), p < 0.001] and during the follow-up period [MD 1.06, 95% CI (0.54-1.57), p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Elevated NLR was associated with an increased risk of short- and long-term mortality and could be a useful tool or incorporated in the risk stratification in patients with acute heart failure.

2D TiO2 nanosheets decorated via sphere-like BiVO4: a promising non-toxic material for liquid phase photocatalysis and bacterial eradication.

An in-depth investigation was conducted on a promising composite material (BiVO4/TiO2), focusing on its potential toxicity, photoinduced catalytic properties, as well as its antibiofilm and antimicrobial functionalities. The preparation process involved the synthesis of 2D-TiO2 using the lyophilization method, which was subsequently functionalized with sphere-like BiVO4. Finally, we developed BiVO4/TiO2 S-scheme heterojunctions which can greatly promote the separation of electron-hole pairs to achieve high photocatalytic performance. The evaluation of concentration- and time-dependent viability inhibition was performed on human lung carcinoma epithelial A549 cells. This assessment included the estimation of glutathione levels and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Significantly, the BiVO4/TiO2 composite demonstrated minimal toxicity towards A549 cells. Impressively, the BiVO4/TiO2 composite exhibited notable photocatalytic performance in the degradation of rhodamine B (k =0.135 min-1) and phenol (k = 0.016 min-1). In terms of photoinduced antimicrobial performance, the composite effectively inactivated both gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive E. faecalis bacteria upon 60-min of UV-A light exposure, resulting in a significant log6(log10CFU/mL) reduction in bacterial count. These promising results can be attributed to the unique 2D morphology of TiO2 modified by sphere-like BiVO4, leading to an increased generation of (intracellular)hydroxyl radicals, which plays a crucial role in treatments of both organic pollutants and bacteria.

On topological analysis of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks via M-polynomial.

Covalent organic frameworks (ZnP-COFs) made of zinc-porphyrin have become effective materials with a variety of uses, including gas storage and catalysis. To simulate the structural and electrical features of ZnP-COFs, this study goes into the computation of polynomials utilizing degree-based indices. We gave a methodical study of these polynomial computations using Excel, illustrating the complex interrelationships between the various indices. Degree-based indices provide valuable insights into the connectivity of vertices within a network. M-polynomials, on the other hand, offer a mathematical framework for representing and studying the properties of 2D COFs. By encoding structural information into a polynomial form, M-polynomials facilitate the calculation of various topological indices, including the Wiener index, Zagreb indices, and more. The different behavior of ZnP-COFs based on degree-based indices was illustrated graphically, and this comparison provided insightful information for prospective applications and the construction of innovative ZnP-COF structures. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of these techniques in the broader context of materials science and the design of functional covalent organic frameworks.

Ratiometric Fluorescence and Chromogenic Probe for Trace Detection of Selected Transition Metals.

The design and development of a fluorescence sensor aimed at detecting and quantifying trace amounts of toxic transition metal ions within environmental, biological, and aquatic samples has garnered significant attention from diagnostic and testing laboratories, driven by the imperative to mitigate the health risks associated with these contaminants. In this context, we present the utilization of a heterocyclic symmetrical Schiff Base derivative for the purpose of fluorogenic and chromogenic detection of Co2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. The characterization of the ligand involved a comprehensive array of techniques, including physical assessments, optical analyses, NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometric examinations. The mechanism of ligand-metal complexation was elucidated through the utilization of photophysical parameters and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis, both before and after the interaction between the ligand and the metal salt solution. The pronounced alterations observed in absorption and fluorescence spectra, along with the distinctive chromogenic changes, following treatment with Co2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+, affirm the successful formation of complexes between the ligands and the treated metal ions. Notably, the receptor's complexation response exhibited selectivity towards Co(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II), with no observed chromogenic changes, spectral variations, or band shifts for the various tested metal ions, including Na+, Ag+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Pd2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ and Al3+. This absence of interaction between these metal ions and the ligand could be attributed to their compact or inadequately conducive conduction bands for complexation with the ligand's structural composition. To quantify the sensor's efficacy, fluorescence titration spectra were employed to determine the detection limits for Co2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+, yielding values of 2.92 × 10-8, 8.91 × 10-8, and 4.39 × 10-3 M, respectively. The Benesi-Hildebrand plots provided association constant values for the ligand-cobalt, ligand-copper, and ligand-mercury complexes as 0.74, 2.52, and 13.89 M-1, respectively.

pH-sensitive docetaxel-loaded chitosan/thiolated hyaluronic acid polymeric nanoparticles for colorectal cancer.

Aim: This study aimed to develop and evaluate pH-sensitive docetaxel-loaded thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted treatment of colon cancer. Materials & methods: HA-SH, synthesized via oxidation and subsequent covalent linkage to cysteamine, served as the precursor for developing HA-SH NPs through polyelectrolyte complexation involving chitosan and thiol-bearing HA. Results & conclusion: HA-SH NPs displayed favorable characteristics, with small particle sizes (184-270 nm), positive zeta potential (15.4-18.6 mV) and high entrapment efficiency (91.66-95.02%). In vitro, NPs demonstrated potent mucoadhesion and enhanced cytotoxicity compared with free docetaxel. In vivo assessments confirmed safety and biocompatibility, suggesting HA-SH NPs as promising pH-sensitive drug carriers with enhanced antitumor activity for colorectal cancer treatments.

Recent Advances of carbon Pathways for Sustainable Environment development.

Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging type of carbon nanomaterial with strong biocompatibility, distinct chemical and physical properties, and low toxicity. CDs may emit fluorescence in the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) range, which renders them beneficial for biomedical applications. CDs are usually made from carbon precursors and can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up methods and it can be easily functionalized using different methods. For specific cases of biomedical applications carbon dot functionalization augments the materials' characteristics. Novel functionalization techniques are still being investigated. This review will look at the benefits of functionalization to attain a high yield and various biological applications. Biomedical applications such as photodynamic and photothermal therapy, biosensing, bioimaging, and antiviral and antibacterial properties will be covered in this review. The future applications of green synthesized carbon dots will be determined in part by this review.

Development of low-cost and high-efficiency solar modules based on perovskite solar cells for large-scale applications.

Solar energy has emerged as a viable and competitive renewable resource due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. To meet the global energy demands, there is a growing need for efficient devices with unique compositions. In this study, we designed and analyzed a perovskite solar cell (PSC) incorporating methylammonium tin iodide (CH3NH3SnI3) as the active optical absorber material, tin iodide (SnO2) as the electron transport layer (ETL), and copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) as the hole transport layer (HTL) using SCAPS-1D software for numerical investigations. Subsequently, the optimized outcomes were implemented in the PVSyst software package to derive the characteristics of a solar module based on the proposed novel solar cell composition. The objective of our research was to enhance the stability of solar cell for use in solar module. This was achieved by optimizing the thicknesses of the compositional layers which resulted in the enhancement of excess electron and hole mobilities and a reduction in defect densities, thereby leading to an improvement in the device performance. The optimization of excess electron and hole mobilities, as well as defect densities, was conducted to improve the device performance. SCAPS calculations indicated that the perovskite absorber layer (CH3NH3SnI3) may achieve the best possible performance with a maximum optimized thickness of 3.2 µm. The optimized thickness value for CuSCN-HTL and SnO2-ETL were found to be 0.07 µm and 0.05 µm respectively resulting in a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.57%. Variations in open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Jsc), fill factor (FF %), and quantum efficiency (QE) associated with the optimized thickness values of all layers in the ITO/SnO2/CH3NH3SnI3/CuSCN/Mo composition were critically analyzed. The use of these input parameters resulted in power creation of 557.4 W for a module consisting of 72 cells with an annual performance ratio of 80.3%. These recent investigations are expected to be effective in the design and fabrication of eco-friendly and high-performance solar cells in terms of efficiency.

Efficient nanostructured materials to reduce nutrient leaching to overcome environmental contaminants.

Nutrient leaching is a major reason for fresh and ground water contamination. Menthol is the major bioactive ingredient of Mentha arvensis L. and one of the most traded products of global essential oil market. The indigenous production of menthol crystals in developing countries of the world can prove to be the backbone for local growers and poor farmers. Therefore, present research was designed to check the effects of nano-structured plant growth regulators (PGRs) (28-homobrassinolide and ethephon) with reduced leaching potentials on the essential oil and menthol (%) of Mentha arvensis L. The prepared nano-formulations were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Differential scanning colorimetry-thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and Zeta potential and Zeta size analysis. The menthol (%) was determined by modified spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic (GC) method. The highest essential oil (%) was obtained by the application of 28-homobrassinolide-Zn-NPs-L-II (0.92 ± 0.09%) and ethephon-Ca-NPs-L-III (0.91 ± 0.05%) as compared to the control (0.65 ± 0.03%) and blank (0.62 ± 0.09%). The highest menthol (%) was obtained by applying 28-homobrassinolide-Ca-NPs-L-I (80.06 ± 0.07%), 28-homobrassinolide-Ca-NPs-L-II (80.48 ± 0.09%) and 28-homobrassinolide-Ca-NPs-L-III (80.84 ± 0.11%) and ethephon-Ca-NPs-L-III (81.53 ± 0.17%) and ethephon-Zn-NPs-L-II (81.93 ± 0.26%) as compared to control (67.19 ± 0.14%) and blank (63.93 ± 0.17%).