Horismenus saturnus n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) a New Parasitoid Wasp from Eggs of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) from the Atlantic Forest, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

A new species of Horismenus Walker, H. saturnus Schoeninger & Hansson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described from material reared from eggs of an unidentified species of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera). The new species is compared to H. cupreus (Ashmead, 1894), a species it is very similar to, and to H. ancillus (Brèthes), a species with the same type of host as H. saturnus. A total of 30 adult specimens developed from the eggs of Saturniidae. This is the second record of a Horismenus species parasitizing eggs of Saturniidae and the first record of this host from Brazil. Here, we provide a diagnosis and description of the new species including morphological and molecular characters, and multiple illustrations.

Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species.

The genus Grotiusomyia Girault is reviewed based mainly on material from Costa Rica. Grotiusomyia is an exclusively New World genus now represented by 19 species, of which 17 are new species described here: G. albiclava, G. annesmithae, G. azofeifai, G. flavicoxa, G. flavimacula, G. guanacastensis, G. hansoni, G. jimenezi, G. lascrucensis, G. leucaena, G. nicoyae, G. noyesi, G. phalaros, G. pilosa, G. reticulata, G. rubii, G. septentrionalis. The two previously described species are G. nigricans (Howard) and G. flavicornis Girault. An identification key for the species is included. Two of the species, G. flavicornis and G. septentrionalis are found in North America (USA and Canada respectively), while the remaining species are from Central America and the West Indies. The biology is known for three of the species, acting as ectoparasitoids on caterpillars of various Lepidoptera groups.

A new species of Diglyphus Walker (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from China, with morphological characterizations and molecular analysis.

Diglyphus Walker, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an economically important genus including species acting as biocontrol agents against agromyzid leafminer pests. A new species of Diglyphus, Diglyphusdifasciatus Liu, Hansson & Wan, sp. nov., was discovered during the identification of agromyzid leafminers and their associated parasitoid wasps collected from 2016 to 2022 in China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of COI, ITS2 and 28S genes. Diglyphusdifasciatus is similar to D.bimaculatus Zhu, LaSalle & Huang, distinguished by two interconnected infuscate vertical bands on the fore wing and the color of the scape. Molecular data support D.difasciatus and D.bimaculatus as two different species. The mean genetic distances between D.difasciatus and D.bimaculatus were 11.33%, 8.62%, and 0.18%, based on the COI, ITS2, and 28S genes, respectively.

Diglyphomorphomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) new to the Neotropical region including nine new species.

The genus Diglyphomorphomyia Girault is newly reported from the Neotropical region, with the majority of material and species from Costa Rica. It is represented by nine species in the region, and all are new species described here: D. albiclava, D. albicoxa, D. carinifer, D. costulata, D. cristata, D. metallica, D. parva, D. pedunculata, D. pilosa. An identification key for the species is included. The Neotropical species of this genus differ in one morphological feature from Old World species, but share several important characters with the type species of Diglyphomorphomyia from Australia. The biology of Diglyphomorphomyia species is unknown, but they are probably parasitoids of concealed lepidopteran larvae.

New distributional, biological and taxonomic information on the genus Eulophinusia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

The genus Eulophinusia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), previously known from Australia and India, is newly recorded from the Americas (Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic). The morphological diagnosis of the genus is enhanced through the discovery of an unnoticed and unique feature - an intricate jigsaw-like microsculptural pattern on the mesoscutellum. The new species described here, Eulophinusia andreamezae Hansson, is a hyperparasitoid. The majority of the Costa Rican specimens of this species were reared from pupae of Hypomicrogaster largus Valerio (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) that had parasitized a caterpillar of Anadasmus Janzen11 (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) feeding on Ocotea insularis (Lauraceae).

The genus Eriastichus La Salle (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) in the Neotropical region, introducing 48 new species.

Our knowledge of the recently described genus Eriastichus La Salle is greatly enhanced with the addition of 48 new species: E. acribis sp. nov., E. aphritis sp. nov., E. cluridis sp. nov., E. coelotis sp. nov., E. colenis sp. nov., E. copalensis sp. nov., E. daptilis sp. nov., E. decoris sp. nov., E. denotatis sp. nov., E. derilis sp. nov., E. diadrys sp. nov., E. dotaensis sp. nov., E. drupis sp. nov., E. ebulis sp. nov., E. egrestis sp. nov., E. eleagnis sp. nov., E. ellipsis sp. nov., E. eminis sp. nov., E. facilis sp. nov., E. fenestris sp. nov., E. follis sp. nov., E. galeatis sp. nov., E. geratis sp. nov., E. glanis sp. nov., E. hilaris sp. nov., E. johnlasallei sp. nov., E. johnnoyesi sp. nov., E. maniatis sp. nov., E. nebulis sp. nov., E. neonis sp. nov., E. nexilis sp. nov., E. novalis sp. nov., E. nugalis sp. nov., E. oasis sp. nov., E. ononis sp. nov., E. orestis sp. nov., E. pallidops sp. nov., E. parabilis sp. nov., E. renodis sp. nov., E. rivalis sp. nov., E. sannionis sp. nov., E. scalaris sp. nov., E. sodalis sp. nov., E. taraxis sp. nov., E. tendrilis sp. nov., E. tonioazofeifai sp. nov., E. velaminis sp. nov., and E. vestis sp. nov. All species are known only from males, and all material is from Costa Rica. Females show little morphological variation and are not possible to separate to species or link to conspecific males at present. Apart from the diagnostic features for the genus presented in the original description, two new autapomorphies are introduced here: an inflated pleural membrane between Gt1-4 and Gs1-4, and tufts of pale and flattened setae laterally on Gt4-6. Both features are found on the gaster and are present in both sexes. The distribution of the genus is firmly established as predominantly neotropical. The biology remains unknown.

The neotropical genus Sporrongia Gumovsky (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), including two new species and the first biological record.

Two new species of Sporrongia Gumovsky (Eulophidae: Entedoninae), S. marginata sp. nov. from Costa Rica and Mexico, and S. niveicornis sp. nov. from Peru, are described and compared to the single previously known species, S. tobagoiensis Gumovsky. Sporrongia marginata has been reared from galls on the legume Andira inermis (Leguminosae). This is the first biological record for the genus and an indirect indication of possible gall induction by S. marginata.

Two new Eulophinae genera (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) from the Neotropical region.

Two new Eulophinae genera, Elasmarion and Celesterion, are described based on material from sweep-net and malaise trap samples mainly from Costa Rica. The new genera are each represented by a single species, both described here, E. longipes and C. reticulatum spp. nov. The material for both groups is abundant and strongly female biased, 119 females and two males in Elasmarion, and 63 females and two males in Celesterion. Elasmarion is similar to the Old World genus Eulophomorpha Dodd, and a table with distinguishing characters is included, it also has some morphological features similar to the genus Elasmus Westwood. Celesterion does not show close morphological similarity to any genus in the Eulophinae. The biology is unknown for both species.

A revision of European species of the genus Tetrastichus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) using integrative taxonomy.

BACKGROUND: The European species of the genus Tetrastichus (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) are revised with 93 species, including 50 species described as new. The revision was conducted using an integrative taxonomic approach, based on DNA barcoding in combination with morphological characters. The Tetrastichinae are a biologically diverse and species-rich group of parasitoid wasps with numerous complexes of morphologically often very similar species that attack a wide range of hosts in over 100 insect families in 10 different orders. The genus Tetrastichus is, with almost 500 described species, the third largest genus of Tetrastichinae. Although biological information is lacking for most species, current data indicate that Tetrastichus species are gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids developing on juvenile stages of mainly holometabolous insects. Due to their host specificity, several species of Tetrastichus are used as biological control agents. NEW INFORMATION: The European species of Tetrastichus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are revised using a combination of externo-morphological and DNA barcoding data. This is the first integrative approach for any of the large genera of the Tetrastichinae. A total of 93 species are included, of which 50 are described as new: T. agonus sp. n., T. antonjanssoni sp. n., T. argei sp. n., T. argutus sp. n., T. asilis sp. n., T. ballotus sp. n., T. bledius sp. n., T. broncus sp. n., T. calcarius sp. n., T. calmius sp. n., T. clisius sp. n., T. cosidis sp. n., T. cumulus sp. n., T. cyprus sp. n., T. delvarei sp. n., T. doczkali sp. n., T. elanus sp. n., T. elodius sp. n., T. ennis sp. n., T. enodis sp. n., T. erinus sp. n., T. evexus sp. n., T. fadus sp. n., T. fenrisi sp. n., T. flaccius sp. n., T. gredius sp. n., T. iasi sp. n., T. illydris sp. n., T. incanus sp. n., T. inscitus sp. n., T. intruitus sp. n., T. johnnoyesi sp. n., T. lacustrinus sp. n., T. ladrus sp. n., T. lanius sp. n., T. lazius sp. n., T. lixalius sp. n., T. lycus sp. n., T. marcusgrahami sp. n., T. minius sp. n., T. mixtus sp. n., T. nataliedaleskeyae sp. n., T. nymphae sp. n., T. pixius sp. n., T. scardiae sp. n., T. splendens sp. n., T. sti sp. n., T. suecus sp. n., T. tacitus sp. n. and T. tartus sp. n. Two keys for the identification of species are presented, one for females and one for males. Based on DNA barcode sequences for 70 of the species, a Maximum Likelihood tree to assess phylogenetic relationships within the genus is presented. These 70 species are also characterised by a combination of CO1 and morphological data. The remaining 23 species, without a DNA barcode, are characterised by morphological data. Using a combination of data from the morphology and CO1 or morphological data only, the species are separated into three species groups (clito-, hylotomarum-, murcia-groups) with 41 unplaced species outside these groups. Hosts are known for 27 of the species and they are gregarious, koinobiont endoparasitoids on a wide range of immature stages of holometabolous insects and appear to be very host specific. The first host record for Lepidoptera (Tineidae) in Europe is included.

Species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with bruchid beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), including five new species.

Species of Horismenus Walker associated with bruchid beetles are investigated and five new species are described. Some of the new species are very similar to already described species and have previously been misidentified. The new species include H. depressoides sp. nov. similar to H. depressus Gahan , H. stator sp. nov. similar to H. missouriensis (Ashmead), and H. dennoi H. multistriatus spp. nov., both similar to H. butcheri Hansson Aebi and one species, H. gabrielae sp. nov., that is morphologically distinct from the other species but also associated with this host group. All 14 Horismenus species associated with bruchid beetles are included in a key. New host and distributional records are included for H. depressus.

A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

This paper deals with the description of two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Brazil, parasitoids of larvae of Adetus analis (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Both species are similar to Horismenus steirastomae (Girault), a species that also parasitizes cerambycids. Adetus analis is a pest of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz (Cucurbitaceae), a minor crop in Brazil, Argentina and U.S.A., but also feeds in stems of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), an ornamental plant that has become a problematic weed species in Africa, where it was introduced. The two new Horismenus species are described, diagnosed, and compared to H. steirastomae.

Review of the European species of Diglyphus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) including the description of a new species.

The European species of Diglyphus Walker are reviewed. Fifteen species are included. One of these, D. clematidis sp. n., is described as new, and one, D. anadolucus Doganlar, is recorded as new to Europe. Several of the species have their geographical distribution increased as many new country records are introduced. New host records and compilation of host records from the literature are presented in tables. To facilitate the identification of the species a key and numerous illustrations are included. The identity of one of the species described from Europe, D. phytomyzae Ruschka, is unclear. It has not been possible to locate the type material of this species and the original description is not detailed enough to make an unambiguous interpretation possible. Two species, D. scapus Yefremova from Iran and D. sensilis Yefremova from Turkey, are discussed as they occur in the vicinity of Europe.

The European species of Foersterella Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae), including the description of two new species.

The European species of Foersterella Dalla Torre 1897 (Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae) are treated, including two previously described species, F. erdoesi Boucek and F. reptans (Nees), and two new species, F. angusticornis sp. nov. and F. fuscicornis sp. nov. Morphological concepts of the species are based mainly on characters in the male antenna, which females lack, and with the exception of F. erdoesi females are currently not possible to identify to species. A key for the identification of species is included, as well as illustrations to facilitate the identification.

Acute Ultraviolet Radiation Perturbs Epithelialization but not the Biomechanical Strength of Full-thickness Cutaneous Wounds.

We hypothesized that priming of the skin with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) before being injured would enhance wound healing. Four groups, each comprising 20 immunocompetent hairless mice, were exposed to simulated solar irradiation in escalating UVR doses; 0 standard erythema dose (SED) = control, 1 SED, 3 SED and 5 SED. Twenty-four hours after UV irradiation, inflammation was quantified by skin reflectance (erythema) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) tissue levels, and two 6 mm full-thickness excisional wounds and one 3 cm incisional wound were inflicted. Epidermal hyperplasia was assessed by quantitative histology. Five days after wounding, wound coverage by neoepithelium and wound width of the excisional wounds was quantified in hematoxylin-eosin sections, and breaking strength was measured in strips from incisional wounds. Erythema (P < 0.001), MPO levels (P < 0.0005) and epidermal cell layers (P < 0.001) increased dose-dependently by UV exposure of dorsal skin. In the excisional wounds, epithelial coverage decreased (P = 0.024) by increasing the UVR dose, whereas there was no significant difference (P = 0.765) in wound MPO levels. Neither wound width (P = 0.850) nor breaking strength (P = 0.320) differed among the groups. Solar-simulated UVR 24 h before wounding impaired epithelialization but was not detrimental for surgical incisional wound healing.

Uncovering Cryptic Parasitoid Diversity in Horismenus (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae).

Horismenus parasitoids are an abundant and understudied group of eulophid wasps found mainly in the New World. Recent surveys based on morphological analyses in Costa Rica have quadrupled the number of named taxa, with more than 400 species described so far. This recent revision suggests that there is still a vast number of unknown species to be identified. As Horismenus wasps have been widely described as parasitoids of insect pests associated with crop plants, it is of high importance to properly establish the extant diversity of the genus, in order to provide biological control practitioners with an exhaustive catalog of putative control agents. In this study, we first collected Horismenus wasps from wild Phaseolus bean seeds in Central Mexico and Arizona to assess the genetic relatedness of three morphologically distinct species with overlapping host and geographical ranges. Sequence data from two nuclear and two mitochondrial gene regions uncovered three cryptic species within each of the three focal species (i.e., H. missouriensis, H. depressus and H. butcheri). The monophyly of each cryptic group is statistically supported (except in two of them represented by one single tip in which monophyly cannot be tested). The phylogenetic reconstruction is discussed with respect to differences between gene regions as well as likely reasons for the differences in variability between species.

Three new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with seed pods of Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae).

Horismenus abnormicaulis sp. nov., H. patensis sp. nov. and H. zuleidae sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), all authored by Pikart, Costa & Hansson, are described from material obtained from seed pods of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Fabaceae) collected in Northeastern Brazil. The seed pods were infested with larvae of Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae (Bruchinae) and Curculionidae). The associations of the Horismenus species and the beetle larvae have not been established. Morphological similarities between these new species and previously described species with host known suggest that H. patensis and H. zuleidae are primary parasitoids of Bruchinae, whereas H. abnormicaulis may act as a hyperparasitoid on other Horismenus species. The three species are compared with similar species of Horismenus.

Integrative taxonomy of New World Euplectrus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), with focus on 55 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica.

90 species of Euplectrus are treated: 55 newly described, all from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), and 35 previously described species, of which 20 occur in ACG. Three of the previously described species (Euplectrusbrasiliensis Ashmead, Euplectrushircinus (Say), Euplectrusronnai (Brèthes)) have unknown status, owing to missing or severely damaged type material. The new species, all authored by C. Hansson, are: Euplectrusalejandrovalerioi, Euplectrusalexsmithi, Euplectrusalvarowillei, Euplectrusandybennetti, Euplectrusandydeansi, Euplectrusannettewalkerae, Euplectrusbillbrowni, Euplectrusbobwhartoni, Euplectruscarlosarmientoi, Euplectruscarlrettenmeyeri, Euplectruscharlesmicheneri, Euplectruscharlesporteri, Euplectruschrisdarlingi, Euplectruschrisgrinteri, Euplectruscorriemoreauae, Euplectrusdaveroubiki, Euplectrusdavesmithi, Euplectrusdavidwahli, Euplectrusdianariasae, Euplectrusdonquickei, Euplectruseowilsoni, Euplectrusgarygibsoni, Euplectrusgavinbroadi, Euplectrusgerarddelvarei, Euplectrushenrytownesi, Euplectrushowelldalyi, Euplectrushugokonsi, Euplectrusiangauldi, Euplectrusjacklonginoi, Euplectrusjesusugaldei, Euplectrusjimwhitfieldi, Euplectrusjjrodriguezae, Euplectrusjohnheratyi, Euplectrusjohnlasallei, Euplectrusjohnnoyesi, Euplectrusjosefernandezi, Euplectruslubomirmasneri, Euplectrusmarkshawi, Euplectrusmikegatesi, Euplectrusmikeschauffi, Euplectrusmikesharkeyi, Euplectrusninazitaniae, Euplectruspammitchellae, Euplectruspaulhansoni, Euplectruspaulheberti, Euplectruspaulhurdi, Euplectrusphilwardi, Euplectrusrobbinthorpi, Euplectrusronaldzunigai, Euplectrusroysnellingi, Euplectrusscottshawi, Euplectrussondrawardae, Euplectrussydneycameronae, Euplectrusvictoriapookae, Euplectruswonyoungchoi. The species are described or redescribed, and thoroughly and uniformly illustrated, and included in two identification keys, one for females and one for males. Lectotypes are designated for eight species: Euplectruscatocalae Howard (♂), Euplectrusjunctus Gahan (♀), Euplectrusleucotrophis Howard (♂), Euplectrusmarginatus Ashmead (♀), Euplectruspachyscaphus Girault (♀), Euplectrusplatyhypenae Howard (♂), Euplectrussemimarginatus Girault (♀), Heteroscapusronnai Brèthes (♂). One synonym is established: Euplectruswalteri Schauff is a junior synonym of Euplectrustestaceipes (Cameron). Brief image notes and host records are provided on the natural history of the wasps as well as the details of their morphology. Hosts are known for 74 Euplectrus species.

Reaction profile in patch testing with allergens formed during vulcanization of rubber.

BACKGROUND: Vulcanization of rubber changes its allergen pattern. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the contact allergic reactivity profile of users of finished rubber products. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with known contact allergy to rubber accelerators were patch tested with 21 compounds found in chemical analyses of vulcanized rubber products. No diphenylguanidine, p-phenylenediamine antioxidants or thioureas were included in the study. RESULTS: Thiuram monosulfides formed during vulcanization showed generally stronger test reactions than the corresponding thiuram disulfides. We also obtained more positive thiuram reactions to the monosulfides than to the disulfides. A positive reaction to a dithiocarbamate was accompanied by a positive reaction to the corresponding thiuram, except for 1 patient. The nitrogen substituents showed only minor differences between the methyl, ethyl and pentamethylene groups, but the butyl derivatives gave, in most cases, a negative response. Dialkylthiocarbamyl benzothiazole sulfides, formed between thiurams and mercaptobenzothiazoles during vulcanization, showed strong test reactions in almost all patients who were sensitive to dithiocarbamates, thiurams, or mercaptobenzothiazoles. CONCLUSIONS: We found thiuram monosulfides to be better markers of thiuram sensitivity than the corresponding disulfides or dithiocarbamates. Surprisingly, the dialkylthiocarbamyl benzothiazole sulfides were good markers of both thiuram and mercaptobenzothiazole sensitivity. This is an unexpected finding that needs to be confirmed in a larger study.

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by sterile non-latex protective gloves: clinical investigation and chemical analyses.

BACKGROUND: An increased frequency of occupational contact hand dermatitis among surgical operating theatre personnel has been noticed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patients with occupational contact dermatitis caused by their rubber gloves, and to describe a method for analysing the content of the allergens in the gloves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patch tests were performed with the baseline series, a rubber chemical series, and the patients' own gloves. A method for analysing 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) and cetylpyridinium chloride in the gloves was developed. RESULTS: Contact allergy to thiuram mix was found in 8 of 16 patients, whereas 12 of 16 patients reacted to DPG. In 7 of 8 patients, contact allergy to cetylpyridinium chloride was found. In the patients' gloves, cetylpyridinium chloride and DPG were detected at higher concentrations on the inside of the gloves than on the outside. Most patients had worked for decades in their present occupations, but their hand dermatitis had only been present for months. CONCLUSION: Contact allergy to DPG in gloves has been disputed, but, in this study, we were able to confirm the presence of DPG and cetylpyridinium chloride in the causative gloves by using a modified method for the analysis. The presence of these chemicals in gloves caused an increase in occupational contact dermatitis in surgical operating theatre personnel.

A new species of Omphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Brazil, parasitic on gall-midges on Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) / Uma nova espécie de Omphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) do Brasil, parasitoide de galhas em Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae)

A tritrophic relationship involving the plant Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), an unidentified gall-midge belonging to either Clinodiplosis Kieffer 1895 or Alycaulus Rübsaamen 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and a new species of parasitic wasp belonging to Omphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is described. The gall and Omphale japii sp. nov., are described and illustrated. This is the third record of Omphale from Brazil and the new species is compared to other Omphale species from the Neotropical region.

Neste estudo foi descrita a relação tritrófica envolvendo a planta Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), um galhador não-identificado pertencente à Clinodiplosis Kieffer 1895 ou Alycaulus Rübsaamen 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), e uma nova espécie de vespa parasitoide pertencente à Omphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). A galha e Omphale japii sp. nov., foram descritas e ilustradas. Este é o terceiro registro de Omphale no Brasil e a nova espécie foi comparada a outras espécies de Omphale da região Neotropical.