ABSTRACT
Speakers can refer to objects and other entities by nouns or pronouns. The present article investigated the production of gender-marked pronouns in German. Four picture-word interference experiments are reported, addressing 2 questions. First, is the lemma of a referent noun (i.e., the representation of the referent noun's semantic and syntactic properties) accessed when producing a pronoun? Second, if so, is this access confined to the lemma, or will the referent noun's phonological form be activated, too? The results suggest that in generating pronouns, speakers accessed the lemma of the referent noun, whereas its phonological form was not substantially activated. The results are discussed in the context of other recent experimental studies of pronoun and noun production.
Subject(s)
Phonetics , Semantics , Speech , Adult , Cues , Female , Germany , Humans , Language , MaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Noninfectious crystalline corneal degenerations can be classified from the clinical and genetical point of view into 3 groups: 1. primary hereditary (Schnyder), 2. secondary hereditary (cystinosis) and 3. secondary non-hereditary in association with disorders of serum protein or lipid composition. PATIENT: We report on a 63-year-old man with reduced vision and grey-white, crystalline, monomorpheous deposits in the corneal stroma. Further investigation revealed IgG myeloma. RESULTS: We performed a penetrating keratoplasty for visual improvement. On histopathological examination, typical eosinophilic, PAS-positive, interlamellar deposits staining brilliant red with Masson's trichrome were found diffusely scattered throughout the stroma. Electron microscopy showed intracellular, rhomboid-shaped deposits enveloped by a membrane. CONCLUSION: The appearance of a crystalline keratopathy should be followed by an internal examination for early detection and adequate treatment of a systemic disease.
