ABSTRACT
Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted to humans through mosquito bites or sexual contact. The excretion and persistence of contagious ZIKV in various body fluids have been well documented in ZIKV patients; however, the risk of direct contact exposure remains unclear. Here, we show that guinea pigs are susceptible to ZIKV infection via subcutaneous inoculation route; infected guinea pigs exhibit seroconversion and significant viral secretion in sera, saliva, and tears. Notably, ZIKV is efficiently transmitted from infected guinea pigs to naïve co-caged animals. In particular, intranasal inoculation of ZIKV is fully capable of establishing infection in guinea pigs, and viral antigens are detected in multiple tissues including brain and parotid glands. Cynomolgus macaques also efficiently acquire ZIKV infection via intranasal and intragastric inoculation routes. These collective results from animal models highlight the risk of exposure to ZIKV contaminants and raise the possibility of close contact transmission of ZIKV in humans.
Subject(s)
Nose/virology , Zika Virus Infection/transmission , Zika Virus Infection/virology , Zika Virus/physiology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Intestines/pathology , Intestines/virology , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Mice , Saliva/virology , Serum/virology , Spleen/pathology , Spleen/virology , Tears/virology , Testis/pathology , Testis/virology , Zika Virus Infection/pathologyABSTRACT
Zika virus (ZIKV), a re-emerging flavivirus associated with neurological disorders, has spread rapidly to more than 70 countries and territories. However, no specific vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. Here we report that a synthetic peptide derived from the stem region of ZIKV envelope protein, designated Z2, potently inhibits infection of ZIKV and other flaviviruses in vitro. We show that Z2 interacts with ZIKV surface protein and disrupts the integrity of the viral membrane. Z2 can penetrate the placental barrier to enter fetal tissues and is safe for use in pregnant mice. Intraperitoneal administration of Z2 inhibits vertical transmission of ZIKV in pregnant C57BL/6 mice and protects type I or type I/II interferon receptor-deficient mice against lethal ZIKV challenge. Thus, Z2 has potential to be further developed as an antiviral treatment against ZIKV infection in high-risk populations, particularly pregnant women.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Peptides/pharmacology , Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy , Zika Virus/drug effects , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cricetinae , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Design , Female , Flavivirus , Flow Cytometry , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred ICR , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Animal , Vero Cells , Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Virion/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have raised global concerns due to its unexpected clinical manifestations. Antiviral development is of high priority in response to the ZIKV emergency. In this study, we report that an adenosine analog NITD008 has potent in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against ZIKV. The compound can effectively inhibit the historical and contemporary ZIKV strains in cultures as well as significantly reduce viremia and prevent mortality in A129 mice. Our results have demonstrated that NITD008 is potent inhibitor of ZIKV and can be used as reference inhibitor for future ZIKV antiviral drug screen and discovery.
