Guilingji capsule for Alzheimer's disease: secondary analysis of a randomized non-inferiority controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of Guilingji capsule (, GLJC) in treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with kidney-marrow deficiency pattern (KMDP) compared with gingko extract tablets. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a large-scale multicenter randomized non-inferiority clinical trial. A total of 120 AD patients with KMDP were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomly categorized into two groups: (a) GLJC group ( = 60) and (b) gingko group ( = 60). The GLJC group was treated with GLJC and gingko extract mimetic tablets, whereas the gingko group received gingko extract tablets and mimetic GLJC. The data on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Chinese Medicine Symptom Scale (CM-SS) was evaluated at 0, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. The serum levels of acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the participants were measured before and after 24 weeks of treatment. The safety was based on the incidence of adverse events. RESULTS: Both interventions significantly increased the MMSE scores of the participants and decreased their ADAS-Cog, ADL, and CM-SS scores ( < 0.01). Compared with the gingko group, the GLJC group had a higher effective rate of improvement in the symptoms of "amnesia" and "dull expression and slow thinking" at the 12th week and 24th week ( < 0.05, < 0.01). In the GLJC group, serum Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased at the 24th week ( < 0.05). Serum Bax and AchE levels of the two groups were significantly decreased at the 24th week ( < 0.01). No treatment-related adverse events were reported in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: GLJC is equivalent to the gingko extract tablets in terms of improving cognitive function and the quality of life in AD patients with KMDP and has good clinical efficacy and safety. When it comes to improving TCM symptoms and anti-aging, GLJC is even more advantageous.

[Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel injection in healthy buffaloes].

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of praziquantel injection in buffaloes in contrast to praziquantel tablet. Methods A single oral administration of praziquantel tablet at a dose of 20 mg/kg or intramuscular administration of praziquantel injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg was performed in six healthy adult buffalos according to a twoperiod crossover design. The praziquantel concentration in plasma was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel tablet were as follows: Tmax = (0.60±0.29)h, Cmax = (0.57±0.37)µg/ml, T1/2ß = (0.70±0.42)h, AUC = (0.80±0.70) (µg/ml)·h. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel injection were as follows: Tmax = (0.65± 0.49)h, Cmax = (3.82±1.17)µg/ml, T1/2ß = (1.00±0.73)h, AUC = (1.61±0.89) (µg/ml)·h. The relative bioavailability of praziquantel injection was 402.5% in contrast to praziquantel tablet. Conclusion The praziquantel injection has pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapid absorption, high bioavailability and extensive distribution, and the clinical recommended dosage of praziquantel injection is 10 mg/kg.