ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Gout is a common autoinflammatory disease caused by hyperuricemia with acute and/or chronic inflammation as well as tissue damage. Currently, urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and anti-inflammatory therapy are used as first-line strategies for gout treatment. However, traditional drugs for gout treatment exhibit some unexpected side effects and are not suitable for certain patients due to their comorbidity with other chronic disease. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we described the pathophysiology of hyperuricemia and monosodium urate (MSU) crystal induced inflammatory response during gout development in depth and comprehensively summarized the advances in the investigation of promising ULT drugs as well as anti-inflammatory drugs that might be safer and more effective for gout treatment. EXPERT OPINION: New drugs that are developed based on these molecular mechanisms exhibited great efficacy on reduction of disease burden both in vitro and in vivo, implying their potential for clinical application. Moreover, hyperthermia also showed regulation effect on MSU crystals formation and the signaling pathways involved in inflammation.
Subject(s)
Gout , Hyperuricemia , Humans , Hyperuricemia/drug therapy , Uric Acid/pharmacology , Uric Acid/therapeutic use , Gout/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Chemotherapeutic agents have been used for the treatment of numerous cancers, but due to poor selectivity and severe systemic side effects, their clinical application is limited. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or RNA aptamers could conjugate with highly toxic chemotherapy drugs, toxins, therapeutic RNAs or other molecules as novel aptamer-drug conjugates (ApDCs), which are capable of significantly improving the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the systemic toxicity of drugs and have great potential in clinics for targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed and summarized the current advances in the screening approaches of aptamers for specific cancer biomarker targeting and development of the aptamer-drug conjugate strategy for targeted drug delivery. Moreover, considering the huge progress in artificial intelligence (AI) for protein and RNA structure predictions, automatic design of aptamers using deep/machine learning techniques could be a powerful approach for rapid and precise construction of biopharmaceutics (i.e., ApDCs) for application in cancer targeted therapy.
